Saturday, December 28, 2019

Risk Management Project Case Study - 1809 Words

Risk Management Project Arthur â€Å"Ajaye† Jackson CPMGT/302 Overview ABC Company has held a spot among top assembling organizations in the United States for quite a long while. Be that as it may, because of expanded rivalry and client request administration has chosen to execute a few changes. The essential change to ABC Company that has been sketched out by administration is a supplier worldwide extension venture. Administration has its eyes set on China as another supply base. Similarly as with any venture, the advantages might be clear yet undertaking the task likewise accompanies what s coming to its of dangers. Objectives and Resources In an effort to remain a pioneer in the worldwide business sector, ABC Company has settled on the choice to grow its supply base into China. Achieving this objective however can be an overwhelming undertaking. A global supply chain should be spry and vigorous keeping in mind the end goal to address the issues of different markets while all the while taking care of regularly evolving needs. A supply chain should be receptive to client and authoritative needs regarding items and sourcing, producing, transport, ecological and human asset relations. A worldwide extension venture involves substantially more than basically setting up shop in another nation; however fortunately there are various instruments accessible to streamline the procedure. There are numerous assets that can be used to help in the universal move.Show MoreRelatedProject Risk Management - Fluidity in Risk Planning Case Study1098 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Paper 2 Project Risk Management- Professor Hurst Fluidity in Risk Planning – A Case Study One of the most important steps within a project is risk management because it plans for and responds to risks that impact the overall project deliverables including budget and timeframe. Risk management is used to mitigate risk in ways that align with each individual risk and its potential impact. During the risk management process risks are identified and defined and a plan to control, monitor andRead MoreCase Study #3 - Risk Management on a Satellite Dvt Project1542 Words   |  7 PagesCASE STUDY 3: Risk Management on a Satellite Development Project ! ! ! CASE STUDY 3: RISK MANAGEMENT ON A SATELLITE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT L.D. PROFESSOR: DR. JUANITA MURRELL ! HRM 517 MANAGING HUMAN RESOURCE PROJECTS ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! JUNE 1, 2014 !1 CASE STUDY 3: Risk Management on a Satellite Development Project !2 ISSUES WITHOUT A RISK PLAN While project managers cannot prevent every potential risk that comes in their path, careful risk planningRead MoreHrm517 Week 8 Case Study 3: Risk Management on a Satellite Development Project Hrm 517 Week 8 Case Study 3: Risk Management on a Satellite Development Project2038 Words   |  9 PagesResource Management and Project Life Cycle Please respond to the following: Explain the elements of project management and its relationship to human resource management. Evaluate the importance of understanding the various stages of the project life cycle and its possible contributions to a project. HRM517 Week 2 Discussion Strategic Planning and Organizational Restructuring Please respond to the following: Assess the merits of this statement by incorporating a specific personal project, formalRead MoreCase Study616 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study | Quantum Telecom Questions 1. How do we eliminate politics from gate review meetings? Gate review meetings are a form of project close. Gate review meeting could result in the closure of a life-cycle or the closure of the entire project. At each gate, the continuation of the process is decided by the project manager or a steering committee. The decision is based on the information available at the time, including the  business case,  risk analysis, and availability of necessary resourcesRead MoreCorwin Corporation Case Analysis1005 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study: Project Selection and Change Management In a Kerzner (2003) case study, Corwin Corporation is an internationally known rubber products manufacturer with a reputation for quality. Corwin’s management is conservative and favors expanding markets for existing product over new product development. The company receives frequent requests to manufacture specialty products. A strict management policy and a risk adverse culture results in a 90% no bid on specialty product inquiries. HoweverRead MoreCase Study : A Nut- Shell Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesshell, this case study tell us about a big project which faced so many problems within one year of project execution. The completion of this project was 3 years with a large budget of $50M. But due to problems the CHEMICS insurance company decided to update all their processes and systems. This project effect all the departments within the company.So a management team with hired consultants and some members of insurance company was formed.Moreover there was no project manag er for this case study.AfterRead MoreEssay about Fbi Case Study1297 Words   |  6 PagesFBI Case Study Assignment #1 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Project Overview 3 The key issues related to the failure of the project: 4 Resolution 4 Relevance to IT Project Management: 5 Key Takeaways: 7 Research Approach 7 References 8 Executive Summary: The â€Å"Who Killed the Virtual Case File?† case study is a clear example of project failure which resulted on not only balloon the cost of the project, but also loss that could be counted on millions of dollars. BecauseRead MoreEssay on Jet Propulsion Laboratory1701 Words   |  7 PagesHarvard Business School Case 9-110-031 1.1 Should Gentry Lee recommend launch or delay for the Mars Biological Explorer (MBE) mission? Gentry Lee should recommend the launch for the MBE mission. As stated in the case study, Gentry Lee is introduced to the project with a significant amount of experience working with NASA and interplanetary exploration missions (Kaplan and Mikes, 2010). Multiple review boards took place to discuss in detail the consequences and likelihood of risks occurring. Tiger teamsRead MoreProject Management Plan For Efficient Human Resource Management Planning1117 Words   |  5 Pages This is a case study about a project failure due to inefficient human resource management planning. This paper begins with a brief background of the case followed by identifying the issues needing attention. There will be a discussion on who was responsible for the failure and whether or not the appropriate direction was justified. There will be a brief summary of what I felt would be a better plan followed by any lessons learned I gained from this case study. Background Desi Solutions, a projectRead MoreHow The Critical Success Factors1308 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyze how the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) apply to the facts of the case study. Provide examples to support your analysis For any corporate risk management program, there are a number of aspects whose absence indicates an increased possibility of failure for the risk management program and whose existence significantly increases the chance for success of the program (Hillson and Simon, 2012). These factors, called Critical Success Factors (CSF), are comprised of the following: †¢ An organization

Friday, December 20, 2019

Assignment Questions On Economic Principles - 1049 Words

Koo Weng Liang Written Assignment 1 (Microeconomics) for DB106 Economic Principles Assignment Questions Question 1 A) An opportunity cost will arise when economists using between alternative ways of allocating scarce resources. The opportunity cost is for economists to make decision of the alternative use of scarce resources. By using production possibility frontiers (PPF) can be illustrated the opportunity cost to result a clear simple way to effects of making economic choice. A PPF is show the consumers goods and consumers services at the same time. B) Suppose that the two goods that the country AMP produces Apples and Mobile phones. If the production possibility frontiers (PPF) were a straight line, the additional of the unit of mobile phones required to forgone the unit of apples. For example, to move to point A to point B (in order to produce 200 mobiles phones) 50 apples must be forgone. To move point b to point c (to gain another 200 mobile phones), 125 apples must be forgone. As the country AMP sifts from Apples to Mobile Phones can resulted the PPF becomes steeper and opportunity cost of the mobile phones increases. At point B most are producing Apples, although that mobile phones are more suitable to build. At point D most are producing mobile phones. Producing more mobile phones would cause a big drop in Apples output. The PPF would be Bowed-Shaped if resources with varying opportunity costs. C) i) The international migration can be economically beneficialShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantage Funtonal, Matrix and Dedicated in Organizational Structures765 Words   |  4 PagesASSIGNMENT – EMPM5103 MAY SEMESTER 2013 EMPM5103 – PRINCIPLES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT OBJECTIVE: The assignment is intended to provide you the opportunity to evaluate and discuss critically three different principles of project management under the following tasks : Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Organisation Structure Risk Management Project Planning The details of the tasks are explained below: TASK 1: ORGANISATION STRUCTURE Question Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of theRead MoreEco 100 Week 9 Discussion Eco100 Week 9 Discussion1457 Words   |  6 Pagescom/q/eco100-complete-course-week-1-to-week-11/12258 http://workbank247.com/q/eco100-complete-course-week-1-to-week-11/12258 http://workbank247.com/q/eco100-complete-course-week-1-to-week-11/12258 ECO 100 Week 1 Discussion â€Å"What Is Economics and Principles of Economics†Ã‚  Please respond to the following: Identify a recent purchase that you made and determine how scarcity influenced your purchase decision. Explain two (2) ways in which you applied the use of marginal cost and benefit to your decisionRead MoreEssay about assignment 1639 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Assignment 1 (20 points) Assignment 1: Economics Instructions Save this file in your course folder, and name it with Assignment, the section number, and your first initial and last name. For example, Jessie Robinsons assignment for Section 1 would be named Assignment1JRobinson. Type the answers to the assignment questions below. Use complete sentences unless the question says otherwise. You will have more than one day to complete an assignment. At the end of each day, be sure to save yourRead MoreAccounting Quiz1222 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ ACCT112 Assignment 1 – Weeks 1 and 2 Due at the end of week 2. There are 41 marks. This assignment is worth 5 % of the total grade. True or False: (10 Marks) 1. A balance sheet lists a company’s revenues and expenses for a period of time. FALSE 2. The hiring of a new company president is an economic event recorded by the financial information system. TRUE 3. Accounting communicates financial information about a company to both internal and external users. TRUERead MoreEssay on Business Ethics and dilemma632 Words   |  3 Pagespaper in Microsoft Word. Include your name, the assignment name and number, the course and section number, and the date on your title page. Follow  APA guidelines  for formatting and citations.. NOTE:  Your paper must meet the minimum requirements as outlined in the section of Weekly Written Assignments of the  Assignment Guidelines  and the grading criteria of this assignment. You are to provide a minimum of 2-3 references in your work. For this assignment, use of general google.com or Internet searchRead MoreEcon984 Words   |  4 PagesECONOMICS 110/112 Assignment #5/#2 2013/2014 Due Dates and Notes: †¢ DUE: By Friday February 28, 2:00 PM. Completed assignments should be placed in the slot marked for your section in the white assignment collection box on the 2nd floor of Dunning Hall. Late assignments will not be accepted. †¢ Use the Cover Page when submitting assignments. Place diagrams for particular questions with your answers to those questions. †¢ Group Work: Maximum four per group, all students must beRead MoreEssay about Acct-212 Midterm Study Guide1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe exam is 3 hours, 30 minutes. If you have not clicked the Submit For Grade button by then, you will be automatically exited from the exam. In the Midterm Exam environment, the Windows clipboard is disabled, so you will not be able to copy exam questions or answers to or from other applications. 2. You should click the Save Answers button in the exam frequently. This helps prevent connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet Service Providers, and also minimizes lost answers in theRead MoreQuestions On The Renaissance And The Middle Ages1054 Words   |  5 PagesRyan Cho 8/21/16 AP European History 1-2 Chapter 12.1 Assignment Responses to Chapter 12.1 Assignment Questions Chapter 12 Assignment #1: 12.1-12.2 Terms: Renaissance, universal person, secularism, Hanseatic League, House of Medici, Castiglione. Questions (6): 1) What are some similarities and differences between the Renaissance and the Middle Ages that are mentioned in this section of the text? One major similarity between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is the lack of Classical CultureRead MoreA Book On Economics Was Not Something That Was Pre Planned Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesMy venture on writing a book on economics was not something that was pre-planned. It was neither an attempt to extemporize on the current economic events that were taking place globally since the 2008 financial crisis. If it totally depended on my determination I would rather not have ventured into it, albeit the impregnable impulse to dive into it. There were unassailable challenges that delayed the project. Such experiences were a learning curve and added more quality to the work. This book isRead MoreEssay on Principles of Economics617 Words   |  3 PagesPrinciples of Economics Paper Individual decision making is either you do, or you do not. Most people are rational beings basing their decisions on a formula, benefits versus cost. Are the benefits of buying a $1000 television worth it? Are the marginal benefits worth the marginal cost? Just this morning, I was faced with such a scenario. I was invited over to a friend’s house to try a new video game. I did not go, however, because I knew that I had to read several chapters for my class

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Accounting as Profession Industry Partner Ecolab Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Accounting as Profession Industry Partnerfor Ecolab Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction This report will give clear idea about the concept of accounting as profession in context of Ecolab Pty Ltd who are engaged in environmental services with special emphasis on the fields of water, hygiene and energy technologies and services globally with the distinction of world leadership in the said domain with high level of human and material resources exploited for this purpose through different research and development program(Ecolab, 2017). Work Environment- Ecolab The company is practicing high level of professional attitude empowered by the objective of grooming the newcomers with the maintenance of such working environment within the company so that human resource can feel comfortable to deliver their best in all aspect of operations of the company. The company is also extending customized training program for the newcomers in the form of Nexgen training program which develops the skills of human resource in different professional aspects including communication and behavioral traits of successful employees(Ecolab, 2017). Role of Accountant- Ecolab The company is comfortable with the culture of work related to accounting and finance jobs with certain long and short term features. To prove a successful accountant within the organization, Ecolab is looking for such a person who should have the process consisting of different steps which includes raising questions, grabbing the opportunities, questing for knowledge, introducing diversity in the work process, add value through deliverance and proving proactive attitude through initiatives generated by an individual for the better completion of job. The short-term goals of this post are reconciliation through excel spreadsheets, proper initiative for problem solving with analytic approach. Long term objectives are adding value to self and Ecolab through glorifying self professional profile by seeking the opportunities towards network, take initiatives for self growth, with the help of a mentor to be found in the in-house system, and with the mindset of never ending quest of learning (Needu, 2016). Role of Interns in Ecolab The role of intern is short term measure to assess the ability of fresher to work in the organization. Mainly final year student are welcome for this purpose to get them acquainted with the work culture of professional world. The company extends the privilege to work in the organization as intern in different segments out of which accounting are one domain. Normally the interns are offered the job in accounting area with basic concept of practical financial accounting, supply chain finance management and FP A. the interns are paid for their service and their applications are invited through web portal of the company(Catchajob, 2015). Skills and Attributes Required to Work in Ecolab The skills and attributes identified for working in Ecolab are improvement of communication skills, introduction of process improvement, overview of Sarabanes Oxley Audit program, behavioral features of successful human resources, getting most result from personal performance and development, and mentoring program to own up the responsibility as leader. All these features are being ensured through the Nexgen Training Program taken up by the company in order to make the employees well equipped with the work culture and the ambience of the company(Gittins, 2014). Matching the Skills and Attributes as Per need of Ecolab My skills in finance and accounts are theoretical with the book knowledge only. Hence I am ready to opt for any specific line of job of accounting and finance of Ecolab which includes different areas like FP A, accounts receivable, accounts payable, supply chain finance, financial accounting, vendor management, customer service, enterprise excellence, and allied management of finance and accounts. Being a good student of finance and accounting, it is my first choice to work in the segment of financial accounting as this will give me overall idea of how the financial accounting is maintained up to the level of finalization(Harskuti, 2014). Strategy to highlight my Preferred Area of Work I would prefer to work with financial accounting and my strategy will be to analytically understand and execute the required steps needed for perfect treatment of financial information through proper management of them with special emphasis given on the domain of tax including GST and income tax-both corporate and employees. This area is my favorite and I will strategize the same with the objective of minimizing the complicacy through my knowledge of reconciliation followed by proper presentation of financial data in perfect way. References: Catchajob, 2015. Ecolab Finance Graduate Internship Internship in Sydney NSW. [Online] Available at: https://www.catchajob.com.au/job/ecolab-finance-graduate-internship-internship-in-sydney-nsw/ [Accessed 04 April 2017]. Ecolab, 2017. Our Business. [Online] Available at: https://www.ecolab.com/about/our-businesses [Accessed 04 April 2017]. Ecolab, 2017. Our Purpose and Values. [Online] Available at: https://www.ecolab.com/about/our-purpose-and-values [Accessed 04 April 2017]. Gittins, S., 2014. 6 Skills and characteristics you need to work in the hospitality industry. [Online] Available at: https://www.ramtrainingservices.com.au/6-skills-and-characteristics-you-need-to-work-in-the-hospitality-industry/ [Accessed 04 April 2017]. Harskuti, K., 2014. Want to Work With Children: 5 Skills and Qualities You Should Be Working On. [Online] Available at: https://www.socialworkhelper.com/2014/01/30/want-work-children-5-skills-qualities-working/ [Accessed 04 April 2017]. Needu, 2016. Tax/business services seniour accountant x4 new roles. [Online] Available at: https://www.needu.com/jobs/tax-business-services-senior-accountant-x4-new-roles [Accessed 04 April 2017].

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Organization of Samsung Company free essay sample

Describe the difference of clipping and climping circuits. Analyze inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier and multistage of op-amp circuits. Part 1A :Fundamental of basic electrical instrument. Theory :The oscilloscope, often just called the scope, displays the signals as a plot of magnitude versus time. It is an electronic test instrument that displays electrical signals graphically, usually as a voltage (vertical or Y axis) versus time (horizontal or X axis) as shown in figure 1. The intensity or brightness of a waveform is sometimes considered the Z axis. There are some applications where other vertical axes such as current may be used, and other horizontal axes such as frequency or another voltage may be used.. A signal or function generator is used to produce periodic signals of the frequency, amplitude, and waveform needed for input to the device under test. The counter/timer can measure time intervals and frequencies very accurately, and the digital multimeter measure voltages, currents, resistance, and it can test silicon diodes and transistors. Everything you do in an electronics laboratory depends upon your familiarity with these instruments. Equipments :1-oscilloscop. 2-function generator. 3-probe. 4-resistors(1kohm,5kohm). 5-wire/jumper. Procedures:? First of all, all the switches of the oscilloscope was studied and a adjusted to various values. ? The function generator was adjusted to a 1000 Hz sinusoidal waveform. ? On the oscilloscope, the vertical sensitivity was set to 1V/div. ? Finally the amplitude control of the function generator was adjusted to a 4V peak-to-peak (p-p) sinusoidal waveform on the screen of the oscilloscope. ? Then the circuit in the below figure was constructed. The function generator was set to sin wave output and frequency to 100Hz. ? The probe and ground clip of the scope were connected to point A and C. ? Then the scope was turned on, and th AC-GND-DC was set to AC coupling. ? The amplitude control of function generator and the scope’s controls were adjusted to produce a single sin wave with 6Vp-p. ? VOLTS/DIV settings and the value were recorded in a table. ? Then TIME/DIV was adjust ed until an appropriate size of signal is achieved. After this the data was recorded in a table. Finally, the same steps were done to measure the voltage across point B and C. Results :VOLTS/DIV (V/div) output Voltage (V)P-P TIME/DIV(ms/div) Time division (ms) A to C 1 6 2 10. 4 B to C 1 5. 2 2 10. 4 Discussion :As can be seen from the table above, the voltage between A and C is bigger than the voltage from B to C. This is a result of the bigger resistance between A to C, which was 5Kohm while the resistance between B an C was just 1Kohm. Accordingly as long as the resistance is increased the voltage will simultaneously will be increased. Conclusion :To sum up this experiment, all the objectives were successfully approached, and students were able to deal the instruments correctly. Reference :http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Oscilloscope part 2A :Characteristics of BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) Theory :A bipolar (junction) transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal electronic device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications. Transistor is an abbreviation to Transfer resistor. The three terminal of BJT are called, emitter, collector and base. There are two types of transistor which is pnp and npn transistor.. The functional difference between a PNP transistor and an NPN transistor is the proper biasing (polarity) of the junctions when operating. Equipments :1. Digital multimeter 2. DC power supply 3. Transistor( 2N3904) 4. Resistors (1k? ,330K? ) 5. Potentiometer(5K? ,1M? ) 6. Wire/jumper Procedures 😕 the three terminals of the given transistor were determined by using digital multimeter. ? The digital multimeter was set to the 2Kohm range, then the terminals were tested based on the table shown below in the results. Finlly, based on the data obtained from the table terminals, type of transistor and it’s material were identified. Results :Multimeter Polarity position Positive negative 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 2 RESULT (READING) ? 0. 725 ? ? 0. 730 ? Discussion :According to the results obtained, the transistor was NPN type. Because as we can see the table above shows that when we connected 1 st terminal to the positive terminal of the multimeter, and the 2nd terminal to the negative terminal of the multimeter we could not obtain any value. On the hand, when we reversed the polarities we could obtain the values recorded above. Conclusion :To make it short, all objectives of the experiment were conducted to the students and could be understood well. Dealing with transistor and the ability to determain it’s terminals was also a new ability the students approached. References :http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor Note : This part is to determine the collector characteristics. Theory :In electronics, a common-collector amplifier (also known as an emitter follower or BJT voltage follower) is one of three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage buffer. In this circuit the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the emitter is the output, and the collector is common to both. Procedures 😕 The network was constructed. ? The voltage Vrb was set to 3. 3V by varying the 1-Mohm potentiometer. Which will lead the Ib= Vrb/Rb to 10 microA. ? Then Vce was set to 2V by vatying the 5-Kohm potentiometer as required by the first line of the table shown in the results. ? Then Vrcand Vbe were measured, by using the mV scale of the multimeter for Vbe. ? For each value of Vce, Vrc and Vbe were measured and recorded. Then the values of Ic was computed using the equation of Ic= Vrc/Rc and Ie using the equation if Ie= Ic+Ib. ? Finally the levels of alpha and beta of each in the table shown in the results were calculated. Results :- Vrb(V) (meas) 3. 3 6. 6 9. 9 Ib(microA) (calc) Vce(V) (meas) 10 2 6 10 20 2 6 10 30 2 6 10 Vrc(V) (meas) 2. 70 2. 82 2. 93 5. 37 5. 60 5. 74 7. 91 8. 58 Not procees Vbe(V) (meas) 0. 68 0. 67 0. 67 0. 69 0 . 68 0. 68 0. 70 0. 69 Not proceed Calculations :Ic = Vrc/Rc Rc = 1Kohm Ic = 2. 70/1Kohm = 2. 70mA Ic = 2. 82/1Kohm = 2. 82mA Ic = 2. 3/1Kohm = 2. 93mA Ic = 5. 37/1Kohm = 5. 37mA Ic = 5. 60/1Kohm = 5. 60mA Ic = 5. 74/1Kohm = 5. 74mA Ib(microA) 10 20 30 Ic(mA) 2. 70 2. 82 2. 93 5. 37 5. 60 5. 74 7. 91 8. 58 Not proceed Ie(mA) 2. 71 2. 83 2. 94 5. 39 5. 62 5. 76 7. 94 8. 61 Not proceed alpha 0. 996 0. 996 0. 997 0. 996 0. 996 0. 997 0. 996 0. 997 Not proceed Beta 270 282 293 269 280 287 264 286 Not proceed Discussion :Based on the table shown above, The low output impedance allows a source with a large output impedance to drive a small load impedance; it functions as a voltage buffer. In other words, the circuit has current gain (which depends largely on the hFE of the transistor) instead of voltage gain. A small change to the input current results in much larger change in the output current supplied to the output load. Conclusion :To sum it up, To make it short, all objectives of the experiment were conducted to the students and could be understood well. In addition to that, characteristics of a transistor collector were conducted to the students since the experiment was done by them. Refrences :http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Common_collector Part 3A :Voltage regulator Theory :A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. Equipments :1. Digital multimeter 2. Resistors (390k? , 2? 1K? , 5k? , 2? 2k? , 5k? , 10k? , 20k? ) 3. Zener diode(BZX79 5. 1V) 4. Transistor(NPN BD 135) 5. Wire/jumper Procedures 😕 The circuit below was constructed. ? Output voltage Vout was measured and recorded in the table shown in the results when Vin was changed (7V-15V) while the Rl was fixed by using 20Kohm. ? The line regulation was calculated from the measured values. ? Output voltage Vout was measured and recorded, when the Rl was changed while Vin is fixed at 15V. ? Load regulation was calculated from measured values. Note :- this is series voltage regulator. Result :When Vin was changed and Rl was fixed (20 Kohm) :Line Regulation = (Vout/ Vin) x 100% Vin (V) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Vout (V) 6. 9 7. 99 8. 89 9. 94 10. 98 11. 81 12. 87 13. 90 14. 95 Line Regulation (%) 98. 5 99. 8 98. 7 99. 3 99. 1 98. 6 99. 7 99. 3 99. 5 When Rl was changed and Vin was fixed (15V) :Load Regulation = (( Vnl – Vfl ) / Vfl) x 100% R (Kohm) 1 2 4 10 20 Vin (V) 15 15 15 15 15 Vout (V) 14. 66 14. 66 14. 68 14. 79 14. 66 Load Regulation (%) 2. 25 2. 25 2. 19 2. 06 0. 31 Note :- this is shunt voltage regulator. Result :When Vin was changed and Rl was fixed (20Kohm) :Line regulation = (Vout / Vin) x 100% Vin (V) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Vout(V) 6. 82 7. 88 8. 9 9. 76 10. 71 11. 75 12. 79 13. 68 14. 79 Load regulation (%) 97. 4 98. 6 97. 6 97. 7 97. 2 97. 92 98. 2 97. 7 98. 4 When Rl was changed and Vin fixed (15V) :Load Regulation = ((Vnl – Vfl) / Vfl) x 100%. R (Kohm) 1 2 10 20 Vin(V) 15 15 15 15 Vout(V0) 11. 72 12. 51 14. 45 14. 73 Load Regulation (%) 28. 12 20. 12 3. 96 2. 06 Discussion :From the results obtained above we can say that Line regulation is the capability to maintain a constant output voltage level on the output channel of a power supply despite changes to the input voltage level. And Load regulation is the capability to maintain a constant voltage (or current) level on the output channel of a power supply despite changes in load. Conclusion :All the objectives of the experiment and approaches were successfully conducted to student and understood well. Since the experiment was done by themselves. References :http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Voltage_regulator#Electronic_voltage_regulators http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Line_regulation http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Load_regulation

Thursday, November 28, 2019

The Management and Governance Structure of International Business

Introduction This research paper is a close examination of the international business. It has tacked the management and governance structure found in international business and how each relates to the success of the international business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Management and Governance Structure of International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those structures usually depend upon many factors when it comes to consideration of diversification of goods and services. They also (structure) dictate the kind of branding a business puts into the businesses across the globe. Still those structures have their strength and weakness which has been tackled as advantages and disadvantages. International Business International business is the business which describes all the transactions which are commercial in nature between the countries or regions. These transactions may include sales investment log istics and purchases. Many governments do engage themselves in international business as a collective decision or political reason which has been reached by the government officials. The government may sell the product or service in exchange of money for the purpose of completing the commercial activities. Private company can also get involved in international business but unlike the government their main role is to get profit, private company may invest in goods and services across the boarder in form of economic resources e.g. capital. Import is simply moving of good and services among nations. Exporting is regarded as moving of goods and services to other nations. Matrix structure This structure considers the complexity of business most likely the geography the functionability of the business and the technology. Matrix structure deals with internal complexity in the business as well as external complexities this is done by reflecting those external complexities by analyzing the s tructure of the business internally. This structure realizes and considers the importance of geography functional grouping of the customer product and technology. When using matrix structure it’s more emphasize on the clarity which yield more flexibility. Matrix cannot solve the complexities in business but working together of the people in the organization dictates the success or failure of the business. Global market structure According to Zinzaro (2010), this structure reflects the global philosophy which states that world is just one homogeneous market. The philosophy sees the world as a monolithic market with tastes and preferences which are similar. In Global structure it assumes that the national tastes and preferences are not different hence standardized products are put into consideration hence the structural process are integrated so that the coordination of activities are the same worldwide i.e. production marketing and planning.Advertising Looking for essay o n business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Decision making comes from the corporate headquarters and directed to the parts of the business. Hence decisions are centralized and for this matter the importance ones. For example they are decisions which are made at corporate level and not subsidiary level. These are the issues of research, product range and branding. In some instances they are some services which should be closer to the customer but their policies still are set at corporate level. Global structure does not consider geographical aspects but focuses on products and markets and how to globally implement success of products and markets. Domestic structure This is usually fragmented into some trends. Some are talked in this research. Horizontal corporation This is directed to eliminating vertical hierarchy and it bases its structure on process instead of functions the management is usually delegated to the tea ms which has been formed in the regions (Zinzaro, 2010). It usually assists in the close contacts to the customers. Those teams do perform their tasks independently and makes sure that they include all the skills to accomplish their tasks. Dynamic Networks This is usually based on outsourcing where the hierarchy which is vertical is replaced by controls of the market as the core activities are kept by the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Management and Governance Structure of International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dynamic network has got low administrative overhead and very flexible in resources allocation. It has got some of weakness which sometimes makes it impossible to define the organization and its employees do not have loyalty. Factors to consider when choosing appropriate structure for international business Governance When it comes to governance the structure to be considered should be taken into account because some business are governed by boards while some structures may require some legal restriction which requires the business to have another entity board for the diversification factors or to manage the international business. Corporate veil International business usually because of their size do separate the corporation from its owners hence owns liability is limited to the investment made by the new entity its like starting another company standing on its own so when deciding to look for the structure consideration must be into consideration. Administrative costs There is additional cost which comes hand in hand when a business has been diversified for example business taxes record keeping. Sometimes they are ventured if the international business is operating globally and from a centralized position. This factor should be considered on which structure to adapt. Capitalization Start up funds is taken into account when an interna tional business wants to be diversified. Hence some structure like matrix structure will need a lot of funds because of its decentralized nature it also requires funds to cater for numbers of manages involved (Zinzaro, 2010). So it’s the decision of the business owners to lay out plan considering the cost involved in various structures and hence adopting the promising and profitable structure. Advantages of global market structure This can enable the international business to introduce the product by using a very powerful tool called advertisement due to present of global advertising tool like internet its possible for Global market structure to do the There is presence of economy of scale due to the fact that individual needs and preferences are universal those markets produces good and services in large quantity hence the cost is reduced considerable consequently enjoying economies of scale. There is informing in practices like marketing because this structure ensures that all individual are similar hence the information required should be directed as if it was going to a single person. When it comes to branding it is consistent in the source that all the practices of branding has been centralized and all the decision comes from a single source but directed worldwide. Disadvantages of global market structure Global market structure sometimes its ‘philosophy’ doesn’t work at all instances because customers need and usage of produces is not always universal sometimes its different according to many factoring such as geographical factors cultural and many more. Sometimes customer from one region may not respond to the products as the same way others may respond. In international business the issue of competition usually occurs we find that some areas are more competitive than others in the brand and product development hence in Global structure this issue may not be put into consideration due to its philosophy. In some regions away from home market there are some administrative procedures which might be different from the one from home markets this may affect the international businesses because of trying to adapt to those procedures which might Jeopardize the success of the business. In some regions there is complexity difference when it comes to legal processes some are harsh than others for example in some regions operations of those business may be limited to a number of homes while others may be operating in 24hours system this may also be as a result of security issues environment and crime rates (Joshi, 2009). Advantages of matrix structure Matrix structure by its ability to consider the geographical set up is able to improve the access of resources across the geographical set up. This usually enhances the Organizations using matrix structure usually have better coordination when it comes to the sharing of technologies for example information technologies companies who share technologies do have bett er coordination. In matrix structure the governance is usually decentralized and this allows effective and fast decision making. This usually saves time because the consultation of each sector is put into consideration without the bureaucratic process which undermines other decisions. This structure usually allows access to skills and perspectives which are diversified because of its nature we have seen that when it comes to management and governance it usually considers many sectors such as geography technology and functions. Because of its diversification it usually improves projects which are regional and also global projects. This usually enhances the success of the business due to diversification of its resources. People who are usually concerned in those businesses which have adopted matrix structure they usually develop in skills which are broaden due to a great exposure which matrix structure gives. Matrix structure engages in decentralization of its governance this usually is very effective when it comes to communication and coordination of the business activities. Matrix structure enhances a holistic outlook upon its customers whether regional or global it makes sure that their needs are met. It also enables adaptation and responses which are instant to the complexity of the world because of the skills its participant has. Disadvantages of matrix structures Due to it decentralized nature sometimes it might be difficult to follow up the teams and their operations because decision making is independent of the sector. This form of independence may jeopardize the whole system most likely if there is a poor transition from one sector to the next. Due to creation of many project teams this also gives the need to increase numbers of managers to lead those projects which consequently leads to increase in costs. When it comes to allocation of resources and there is difference in policies between the line manage and project manages this may bring delay and c onflict to a particular international business when allocation of resources id urgent. It is also hand to reach into final decision because of number of managers involved (Joshi, 2009). If we compare with line management here we usually have double number of managers which makes decision making to delay. Sometimes it’s regarded as an outdated method to organize a company because the top most sectors may not be aware of the activities happening in regional sectors and this may compromise the success because it lacks that chain of command which in some cases scrutinizes every sector of the international business. When there is conflicting loyalties this brings about the confusion amongst the employees they do not know which policies to follow or the guiding principals in the business this can lead to failure of the business. Conclusion It’s evident that we cannot survive without international business, many companies which are universal do usually have better terms than those which are domestic in nature as indicated above there is issue of economies of scale this assist the business itself and the consumer because goods manufactured at bulk will cost less compared to goods which are produced in small quantities, this is also reflected to prices of the goods and services to the consumers since the business produces more with less they will also reduce the cost (Joshi, 2009). When it comes to management we have seen that in matrix structure there is decentralization this enable the policies which are set to favor the local because the managers on the ground have got the actual touch of reality as far as need and preferences of that region is concerned.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This also brings about good relations between regions because of universally of the management and governance of the business. On the other hand international markets also do have some negative effects towards a particular region because some of the needs and preferences might be different from what is known from the home company. Due to dynamic nature of society sometimes the international business takes time to catch up and make changes because of bureaucratic process involved. Reference List Joshi, M., 2009. International Business. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Web. Zinzaro, F., 2010. Market Global Structure. Web. This essay on The Management and Governance Structure of International Business was written and submitted by user Ronnie A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Words About Feeling and Suffering

Words About Feeling and Suffering Words About Feeling and Suffering Words About Feeling and Suffering By Mark Nichol English has adopted a rich store of words about feeling and suffering from the classical languages. The Greek pathos, for example, has come down to us intact to mean, in English, an evocation of pity or compassion, but that’s just for starters. Pathology (the word literally means â€Å"the study of feeling or suffering†) is the branch of medical science concerned with investigating the nature of disease. It also refers to deviation in not only physical and mental health but also, by extension, environmental and social ills. A class of terms referring to specific physical and mental ailments uses the root -pathy: They include allopathy, the name for the conventional treatment of disease, often with pharmaceuticals that counter or alleviate symptoms, and its complement homeopathy, which refers to treatment by natural substances. Words like arthropathy (joint disease) and cardiopathy (heart disease) identify ailments of specific organs or body systems, while noun and adjectival forms of the names of the mental disorders psychopathy and sociopathy (referring to behavior marked by antisocial behavior), have transcended the medical milieu to be used loosely in popular culture. Phytopathology, or plant pathology, meanwhile, is the study of plant diseases. These ailments, and those affecting animals as well, are generally caused by pathogens (there’s that root word again, followed by another common root, which stems from the Greek term meaning â€Å"to be born†). Forms of other -path terms besides psychopath and sociopath are also used outside of the medical realm: Sympathy, the sensitivity to others’ feelings, and empathy, the action of, or the capacity for, vicarious experience of others’ feelings; sympathetic and empathetic are the adjectival forms. Then there’s apathy, meaning â€Å"the lack of feeling,† and antipathy, which means â€Å"aversion.† Each has a corollary adjectival form, though antipathetic is less commonly used than apathetic. Speaking of -pathetic, that’s a word in its own right, with several distinct meanings: It can mean â€Å"sad,† â€Å"laughable,† â€Å"inadequate,† or, less often, â€Å"able to arouse compassion or contempt.† Note, too, related terms derived from -pati, the Latin equivalent of -path: Compatible is essentially a synonym of sympathy. Meanwhile, passion (â€Å"suffering†) and both forms of patient the noun referring to someone under medical care or treatment and the adjective for the quality of forbearance stem from this root. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyTelling a Good Poem from a Bad One50 Synonyms for "Song"

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Astronomy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Astronomy - Research Paper Example The moon allows and sustains life on Earth, affects its tides daily and though not a mystery to the same degree as it had been throughout all of history, it continues to inspire the imagination and much remains to be learned of Earth’s closest celestial neighbor. Today, people more or less look upon the moon as ‘eye candy’ and pay little attention to its cycles. This was not the case for our ancestors who carefully monitored its movements. Several calendars of ancient civilizations were based on the cycles of the moon and some are currently such as the Islamic calendar. The date of the Chinese New Year is set by the cycle of the moon. The Sun was used by man until relatively recently to measure short intervals of time but the moon was judged more reliable for longer time measurements. What is commonly known as a month is based on the 29-day cycle of the moon. The term ‘month’ is derived from the term ‘moonth.’ â€Å"Without the moon†™s cycle we might have ended up with a very different way of keeping track of time, and we most probably would have called it something other than a month† (Miles & Peters, 2001). The Christian celebration of Easter is calculated by determining the first Sunday following the first occurrence of a ‘full’ moon subsequent to the beginning of the Spring Equinox. The reason for this is that Christians had traditionally used the light of the ‘full’ moon to aid in their pilgrimage to their holy lands for Easter. Though the moon is the closest object to Earth and has been explored by man, questions remain regarding its exact origins and whether or not life ever existed on or within it or if it could sustain life. It was discovered more than a century ago that the moon’s density is less then Earth’s. Galileo noticed craters on the moon’s surface through the use of the telescope in the 1600’s. Currently, more is known about the moo n than any other celestial body, knowledge that was inconceivable until recent times (Hamilton, 2005). Prior to the common use of telescopes, when the moon was viewed unaided, all that could be discerned were two distinct kinds of topography, dark and bright areas configured in a way that produced the illusion of the ‘Man in the Moon.’ This myth was likely known as just that to most persons of the world but before recent times it was not known that the dark areas were produced by the violent impacts of asteroids hitting the moon many hundreds of million years ago. These primordial impacts on the lunar surface played a large part in reshaping the moon’s appearance and could explain why there are two large protrusions on the surface of the moon. â€Å"New analysis reveals that shock waves from some of the moon’s early asteroid impacts traveled through the lunar interior, triggering volcanic eruptions on the moon’s opposite side. Molten magma spewed o ut from the deep interior and flooded the lunar landscape† (Than, 2006). The cooled magma created the familiar dark areas which are termed ‘lunar seas.’ These dark areas unite to form the ‘face’ of the moon. The Man in the Moon’s eyes have been labeled â€Å"’Mare Imbrium’ and ‘Mare Serenitatis’. The nose, ‘Sinus Aestuum’ and the mouth, which appears to be smiling, is a combination of the ‘Mare Cognitum’ and ‘Mare Nubium’† (Heiken et al, 1991). The Earth’s sky appears to be blue because its atmosphere diffracts light in such a way that produces this

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Construction details Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Construction details - Essay Example Prior to theconstructionandidentification, somefactorswereconsidered to be paramountbeing in mindthattheerection of steelbarswasthekeypoints during thedevelopment. The Frame dimensions andthe dimensions of the Slab weremadesurethattheywerecompatible. Thiswasmainly to ensurethattheframe will be placed without any distort, comfortably within theplanned dimensions. The Frame Set-out wasalsoensured to be corresponding with thecorrectplan. Set-out wasmadeusingtheexact Architectural plans. Theaim of thiswas to ensurethatthecorrectandrelevantmeasurementsweretransferred to theactual subfloor(Esin & Cosgun, 2007). The Frames werealso Installed Right Way Up and Right Way Around. Thishoweverwasmadepossible by the availability of Steel Frame Solutions wallframenumberingsystemandthe Wall Framing Layout. During thedetailedfabricationprocess, theframes of thewallwerenumberedforthepurpose of accurateidentification. Thisprocess, however, does not leave behind thejunctionnumbers that are references to thebackwallframinglayout. To ensurethatthewallframewas not installed upside downorwrongwayaround, theterminalnumberswerematched with thewallframinglayout. Thearchitecturalplanwas a constantreferencesourceduring theentireconstructionperiod to makesurethatthestructure is correctand as initiallyplanned(Potvin, 2005). Theconstructionprocedureforthesteelextensionstructurewasfound to be thesame as thatfortimber framing, onlythatthesteelsstandstheadvantage of lightweightand rigidity. Theentireconstructionprocessstarted with strict studying of thecompleteset of Architectural andfabricationplans. Thewallframepositionsweremarked on thefloor with a chalk followingthe Architectural plansclosely. Itwasensuredthattheextensionperimeterwassquare, andthiswasfacilitated by comparingthe diagonals. Theexternalcornerwasmarkedandnoted to be crucial since that is wheretheerection of thesteelbeams would begin. Therelevantframepackswereopened,

Monday, November 18, 2019

Philosophy and the law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy and the law - Essay Example Various schools of thoughts have been suggested to dissect and explain the phenomenon of crime and the effect of punishment on the criminal mind. What leads a person to commit a crime, and even reoffend, despite the specter of punishment hanging over his head like the sword of Damocles? In the hypothetical case of Mickey McHeinous, the question of whether a criminal who has committed the most heinous of crimes and as a consequence suffered unbearable guilt as a consequence of his acts should be punished is being presented for consideration. There is no question that Mickey McHeinous should still be punished for his crimes not only to set a cut-and-dried example to others that crime always begets punishment but primarily because society must be protected from the harm that he might still commit. Guilt, and its physical and physiological consequences, is not enough justification to spare him from punishment because it does not ensure that he will not repeat the commission of the same c rime. The oldest and enduring concept of crime is that it is largely retributive. A criminal is sentenced to punishment that corresponds to the weight of his crime. This is to impress upon the criminal that crime does not pay and his evil deeds against any member of society will not go unpunished. Mickey McHeinous might be physically and psychologically suffering from his crimes but this does not justify sparing him from society’s punishment. Punishment as a retribution is not only a reassertion of the biblical concept of â€Å"an eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth† but it is also a representation of justice. It is not only Mickey McHeinous that suffers from his crimes, but society as well – more so, in fact because they are the victims. Why should the law favor him by sparing him from punishment and turn a deaf ear on the rest lived by the rules and did no harm

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Mass In A Catholic Church Begins Religion Essay

The Mass In A Catholic Church Begins Religion Essay The Liturgy of the Word is then said. This includes the Gloria, which is a prayer of worship, thanks and praise. An Alleluia verse is sung and readings are then read from the Bible. The purpose of this is to remind people of Gods promise to save his people, to provide food for the spiritual life of Gods people, and ,according to the Catechism, Jesus is present in his word since it is he himself who speaks when the holy Scriptures are read in the Church. (Catechism Para 1088). The readings are arranged in yearly cycles so that a great proportion of the Bible is read, and all the four gospels are read throughout the year. The priest may then say a homily, which explains the meaning of the passage read and how we should reflect on it. The Creed is then said. The creed is either the Nicene Creed, which was agreed at the Council of Nicaea, or the Apostles Creed. The creeds are basically a summary of the main core beliefs of Christianity. This includes beliefs on God- The Father, Jesus Christ- The Son of God, the Holy Spirit, and the Church. The prayers of the Faithful are said, also known as the Bidding Prayers. These are a series of 5 prayers that ask for Gods help with issues important to the community, such as peace for the world, or the sick of the Parish. The offertory then occurs. This is a procession of the bread, wine and other things like money are brought through the congregation to the priest, who then blesses them by holding his hands over the offerings, which symbolises the Holy Spirit coming down on them. Other priests celebrating the Mass in the congregation may also hold their hands out, inviting the Holy Spirit to come down on the blessed items. The congregation then prays that their sacrifice may be acceptable to God. The Liturgy of the Eucharist is the next most important part of the Mass. The word Eucharistic means thanksgiving and the Catechism express the belief that the sacrifice of the Eucharist and the sacrifice of Christ are one single sacrifice (Catechism Para 1367). Eucharistic Prayers begin with the preface, whish is an introductory prayer that generally begins: Father, all powerful and ever living God, we do well always and everywhere to give you thanks through Jesus Christ our Lordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Eucharistic prayers are different from each other, but the common acts are performed. The main part of the prayer centres on the consecration and transubstantiation, when the words of Jesus at the Last Supper are repeated: Take it; this is my bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for many. (Mark 14:22-24) The bread and wine are therefore turned into the body and blood of Christ. In the Catholic Church this is known as Transubstantiation. This is signified by the elevation, when the priest will raise the bread or wine, and the congregation bows their heads as a sign of respect. A bell may also be rung, which has roots in Latin Mass when the altar and the priest would not be seen by the congregation and, as the congregation would not usually understand the Latin spoken, the bell would be rung to tell the people which point in the Mass they were at. The priest will break some of the bread and place it in the cup of wine, which is known as the transmingling. This is followed by the acclamation when the priest and the congregation say Christ has died, Christ has risen, Christ will come again. This is followed by the memorial prayer, when God is asked to accept the sacrifice. A series of prayers about the blessing of the Church, the dead, and a prayer to honour the saints are said, as is a Eucharist prayer asking for the gift of the Holy Spirit. The final prayer is to praise God through the offering Jesus made, and this is a sole mn moment in the Mass. The priest will either say or sing Through him, with him, in him, the unity of the Holy Spirit, all glory and honour is yours Almighty Father for ever and ever. And the congregation replies Amen. Amen means I agree or I accept this The Our Father prayer, also known as the Lords Prayer is a prayer that Jesus asked his apostles to say, and is said by everyone in the mass. As everyone will be sharing the same bread, everyone in the congregation gives each other the sing of peace, which is usually a hand-shake. The people remember that Jesus was the Lamb of God, and they ask him for the forgiveness won by the sacrifice he made. The communion is the part of the Mass when everyone receives the bread or body of Christ. An individual will approach the priest, and the priest says The Body of Christ, the individual replies Amen as the bread is placed in their hands. The same happens with the blood of Christ is given, but the priest shall say Blood of Christ. There is a prayer before and after which illustrates the meaning of what is happening. The congregation is blessed, and the priest will say Go in peace to love and server the Lord. According to the Catholic Church, this is the sending for the (mission) of the faithful, so that they may fulfil Gods will in their daily lives (Catechism Para 1332), so the people are sent out to love their neighbours and to server God in everything they do. b) It is important for a Catholic to regularly attend Mass, because of the religious significance to a Catholics faith. The Catholic Church states that Jesus Christ is present at the Mass in the person of the minister and the Eucharistic species. (Catechism Para 1088). Also in Paragraph 1088, the Church state that Jesus is present in the sacrament, his Word (readings from the Bible) and when the Church prays and sings. These beliefs are crucial to the core beliefs of a Catholic, who is to love Jesus and to follow what he said; do this in remembrance of me. (Luke 22:19) If a Catholic was to not believe in the Mass and its significance, it would be tantamount to not believing in their own faith. If a Catholic attends a Mass, they are also visiting the Church. The Christian faith says that the Church is a holy place of worship but, more than that, is an important community essential for a believing Catholic. The Church is important for the Catholic; My house will be called a house of prayer (Matthew 21:13). It is important for a Catholic to pray there, as they praise God, and they are with Jesus; For where two or three come together in my name, there am I with them. (Matthew 18:20) There are many examples of Christians praying together in the Bible; They all joined together constantly in prayer, and all of this emphasizes the importance of a Catholic attending the Mass. There is extremely important significance in the Eucharist that takes place during the Mass. Catholics believe that when transubstantiation occurs, the bread and wine become the physical body and blood of Christ. The Eucharist is supposed to be a sacrifice that takes place on the altar of the Church, and this is the same occurrence of the event when Jesus was crucified, as he was sacrificed for the people as the Lamb of God. This is why the Church says in Catechism No 1367 The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice. This also means that the same event that occurred 2000 years ago is happening again and again during Mass. When Catholics receive communion, they are receiving the body and blood of Christ, and this holds huge religious meaning for that Catholic, and this can only be received at Mass, so Catholics that want to be closer to Christ are to receive this holy gift. The importance of attending a service regularly is also in the Bible; Every day they continued to meet together in the Temple Courts (Acts 2: 46). Overall, the Bible and the Catechism continue to stress the importance of attending Mass, and how it is essential to the core beliefs of a Catholic and their spiritual health. c) According to the Catechism it is extremely important to the faith of a Catholic to attend services at Church, especially the Mass. This is because of the importance of going to Church, listening to what is said, and taking part in the Eucharist, which is a core belief of Catholicism. The Catholic Church state that Jesus is Present at the sacrifice of the Mass, in the minister and the Eucharistic species, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦present in the sacrament, in his word, and when the Church prays and sings (Catechism Para 1088). The Church stresses how important it is to be close to Jesus, and how the best way to do this is to take part in the Eucharist. The Eucharist signifies Jesus sacrifice for his people, and is the most important thing to the spiritual life of Catholic. The Eucharist can not be received at home. However, if Jesus is present in the scriptures, this also means that Jesus is present while a Catholic reads passages from the Bible at home. In Matthew 18:20 it says; For where two or three come together in my name, there am I with them, and this means that even where a family says grace before there meal, Jesus is with them then, so it is not necessary to be at Church just to be with him. Jesus also said Do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street corners to be seen by men. (Matthew 6:5), and this means that one shouldnt go to church to be seen praying, and that it is much better to pray alone, and you are praying with Jesus privately which is a very spiritual act. The Bible says; But Jesus often withdrew to lonely places and prayed. (Luke 5:16). However, the Church is where a community meets, and where that community prays together in the name of Jesus and everything the community needs. The Church is also the House of God; My House will be called a house of prayer (Matthew 21:13), and is filled with statues and other things that help a Catholic pray and remember important things that Jesus said. However, God is also said to be everywhere, so he is at home when a Catholic prays. It is also just as possible to keep the Sabbath day holy at home, as at Church. The Church teaches that it is important for a Catholic to attend services, especially Mass, to be a true believer in Christ, as the Catholic must receive the body and blood of Christ, and to come together as a community with Gods people. However, it is just as important for a Catholic to pray in their daily lives and on their own, as Jesus did, so the Catholic must keep a balance between the two. Ultimately private prayer and attending Church services are both important for Christians, however at the end of Mass, the priest says; Go in peace to love and serve the Lord, therefore faith without deeds is not real faith. Receiving Christ in the Eucharist should be like spiritual food and affect the Christian positively in their endeavours to live a good Christian life. Bibliography for Coursework Catechism paragraphs 1088, 1367, 1332, The Bible Matthew 18:20 Mark 14:22-24 Luke 22:19 Matthew 21:13 Acts 2: 46 Matthew 6:5 Luke 5:16 Sister Anne Burke SND Dimensions of Christianity, 1988, Kevin Mayhew

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Social Affects on Neurobehavior Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper

Social Affects on Neurobehavior "The brain does not exist in isolation but rather is a fundamental, interacting component of a developing, aging individual who is a single actor in the larger theater of life. This theater is undeniably social. . ." (1) For the past few weeks our class discussions have largely hinged on brain and neuron function and how this relates to behavior. Some students in the class have expressed a difficulty with the concept that brain equals behavior because they feel like this limits their individuality and choice if they are only a combination of inputs and outputs. As a student of the social sciences I question this thinking because behavior is not just limited by brain function but also by social constraints. People's actions are limited by values, norms and mores found in their respective environment. In my web research, and with help from Dr. Grobstein, I found a few sites dedicated to what is called 'Social Neuroscience' and some studies that have been done to show that in animals and humans social influences can have a direct effect on biological function from the release of certain chemicals to actual changes in receptors. The first site is run by Ohio State and tells the history of social neuroscience and looks at social factors and the immune system. The second is run by a professor in the United Kingdom looking at diet and criminality and the last is from Georgia State and looks at social status and defense mechanisms in crayfish. William James an American psychologist of the 19th century was one of the first people to state that there is a connection between neurophysiological processes and psychological phenomena (1). In 1992 John Cacioppo and Gary Bernstein determined that t... ... responsiveness even when the crayfish becomes the subordinate. So a change in the social status of the crayfish causes changes in the receptors for seratonin in the nervous system of the crayfish. This is a striking example of the social environment causing direct changes in the nervous system. As more and more research in this area develops, I am sure we will see an even stronger connection between social environment and the development and functioning of the nervous system and maybe gain more insight into why people behave the way they do. WWW Sources 1)Ohio State Social Neuroscience Laboratory http://www.acs.ohio-state.edu/units/psych/s-psych/socnelab.htm 2)Crime and Nourishment http://mhnet.org/perspectives/articles/art03964.htm 3)Research: The Neural Bases of Behavior, (very interesting picture of the LG neuron) http://www2.gsu.edu/~biodhe/

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Human condition and the passage from innocence to experience Essay

In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley reflects her views on the faults and weaknesses of human beings and the disasters these imperfections can cause through the personalities and actions of the characters in the novel. The results of the characters personalities and actions show how significant certain undesired traits can be. Through the journeys of the individual characters Mary Shelly shows how we, as human beings, develop in the path from innocence to experience. Surprisingly, the majority of Shelley’s obvious criticisms are divulged through the ‘hero’, Victor Frankenstein. Frankenstein is used to fulfil this purpose in a multitude of ways: In her 1823 Introduction, Mary Shelley suggests that Victor’s main crime is his presumption in displacing God. The works of Milton could have inspired this; by way of her parents, he would have been a natural choice of inspiration for Shelley. Milton believed that power corrupts human beings and distrusted anyone who could claim power over anyone else. Therefore, Frankenstein does wrong in claiming power over the monster’s life by creating him. We see a change in Victor’s views on this subject; at the beginning of the novel Frankenstein is fixated with the idea of creating a new being from the remains of dead people and bringing this new being to life by means of electricity. As the novel develops, through his experiences he begins to see the true repercussions of his actions and finally sees the magnitude of what he has done in his thoughtlessness (innocence. ) This can also be seen as an attack on human nature. As the creature opens his eyes for the first time, facets of Victor’s character become revealed. Whereas the read expects Victor to reflect the joy of having finally received his goal, his reaction is on of horror: â€Å"now that I have finished, the beauty of the dream has vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. † While one may assume that his repulsion is due to the physical appearance of the â€Å"wretch† (p56), Victor had created the monster and knew very well what the creature looked like before it awoke. Therefore, his terror seems to represent a sort of subconscious self-vision. This could be Shelley’s way of criticising how we can become clouded by ambition and do not realise the consequences of our actions until it is too late. Towards the end of the novel Victor has learnt from his experiences and realises what the possible consequences could be of creating a companion for the monster. He knows the destruction of the female monster could result in his own death but for once he is selfless and takes responsibility. Unlike his first venture, he is thinking of the greater-good rather than his own happiness. In the beginning of the novel we see the development of Victor’s ambition from healthy to obsessive. Fired by his enthusiasm during his first experiments, he imagines how â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source†¦ No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs†(p54). A possibly interpretation here would be to presume that this is a criticism of man’s belief that he is indestructible and he can thus take on the role of God and do whatever he likes. This could have sprung from the death of Mary’s mother; human beings believe themselves to be all-powerful and virtually invincible but they cannot avoid death. On the other hand, perhaps the crime upon which Shelley focuses is not what he does, but what he fails to do: nurture his creation. Victor’s ambition and achievement may be heroic, problems only occur in his inability to bear responsibility for his creation. In Brannagh’s film interpretation, Frankenstein’s soul motivation for the creation of the monster is to ‘cheat’ death (possibly an honourable purpose which would not suggest that Shelley meant Victor to be disliked). However, in the novel, there is no evidence to suggest that this is the case. Frankenstein is also portrayed to wish to undermine the power and position of women. By this we see him rebelling against the ‘normal family unit’ and the responsibilities that belonging to such a unit entails. This could be interpreted as a fear of the natural process of birth, possibly echoing Shelley’s own mixed feelings towards childbirth. First pregnant at sixteen, and almost constantly pregnant during the next five years, Shelley lost most of her children soon after they were born. Victor’s â€Å"workshop of filthy creation† (p55) may have ‘womb-like’ suggestions. Following this argument, Helen Moers likens the description of the newly created monster to that of a newborn baby in her book ‘Female Gothic. ‘ Shelley also uses Frankenstein, and his failure to comply with social expectations in his creation of his creature, to criticise society on many different levels. When Frankenstein gives life to the monster, he is so disgusted with its appearance and its deviation from a normal human being that he rejects and abandons it. This reflects how society shuns anyone or anything that does not conform to their idea of ‘normality. ‘ This particular criticism probably sprung from Shelley’s up bringing. With two revolutionary parents, Mary Shelley was certainly not born in to a conformist family. A particular example of this is the fact that Mary Shelley’s parents were not married. At the time this would have been virtually unheard of in decent families. Mary was possible criticised by her peers as having radical parents, or being bullied because her parents were not ‘normal. ‘ She shows her anger at their ignorance by showing Victor be uncaring, and leading the reader to sympathise with the monster rather than his cruel creator. After the conviction of Justine we see a possibility that Victor will admit to being responsible for the death of Justine. However, he is cowardly. He claims Justine to be innocent, and claims to know William’s murderer but does not confess. Again, it is his failure to act that results in disastrous consequences. However, by announcing his faith in Justine’s innocence we are endeared to him. Shelley used this to show us how he improves with the experience he gains. Towards the end of the novel the monster requests that Frankenstein grant him a companion to end his misery. We see a blinker of sympathy and consideration for the monster in Victor at this point. He has improved himself slightly by this point. When the monster makes his proposition, Frankenstein actually considers with the monster. We can, therefore, see that by this point he becoming prepared to reason with the monster like an equal. We begin to think he is going to take responsibility for his actions by taking pity on the monster. After all it cannot be forgotten that the monster could have honoured his promise and disappeared with its mate, thus preventing the death of Clerval, Elizabeth and possibly Victor’s own father. But on the destruction of the female monster’s body Victor fails to take true responsibility and virtually caused the deaths of Clerval and Elizabeth. Again, his experience has made improved him, almost to the point where he could redeem himself of the crime that is abandoning what is effectively his child. At the end of the novel, although Victor’s dying wish is that the deaths of his loved ones be avenged, we can see how his journey has changed him. His last expressed feelings are that of fatigue and exhaustion. This shows how Shelley hopes human beings will become tired of their flawed ways of thinking and learn from their experiences. In a direct contrast, the monster’s passage from innocence to experience only produces negative results. In spite of his unnatural creation, the monster can be seen to symbolize a new start. However, as he proceeds with his education, as he moves from nature to culture, the monster learns more and more about the injustices of society. He learns about human emotions and comes to desire compassion and love but is rejected on account of his repulsive physical appearance. He masters language, but language fails him; rather than allowing his entry into human society as he had hoped, it only serves to make him more fully aware of his unique origin and alien nature. His education is part of what makes him miserable. It is only when he is exposed to, and suffers from the viciousness of human society that he himself begins to demonstrate violent behaviour, to act as the monster his appearance suggests him to be. What I perceive to be the monster’s most vicious act is the murder of Elizabeth on Victor and Elizabeth’s wedding night. Without his primitive human emotions he would never have known what he was missing out in a female companion. With his experiences with the DeLacey’s he saw how strong the family unit could be and felt even more bitter when he was rejected. Without such knowledge or experience he would never have had the determination to enact such a terrible crime. It is his human emotions that finally cause his misery to consume him at the end of the novel. When Victor dies, the monster if found by his body crying. This is a common human characteristic; in most cases, even if two people did not get along well in life or had not spoken in years, if one is to die, the other forgets the past and exonerates their dead friend, acquaintance or family member by mourning their loss. They regret things that they may not have said or done, and wish they could turn back time to put things right before the other passed away. It is the monster’s sadness at the death of his creator and his regret for the events of the past that finally consume him and tear from him his desire to live. Without these human emotions, the monster may not have destined himself to such a tragic end. It could be argued that Shelley was criticising the power of human emotions and the negative results they can produce. As I mentioned before, Shelley lost many of her children, this must have caused her great depression misery. These may have affected her ability to live her life; thus, she may have been suggesting that if she could have been less humane, her life may not have been as miserable. In conclusion both the monster and Frankenstein show Shelley’s feelings towards human behaviour, how we learn from our experiences, and how we deal with things in the future. However, it is arguable whether she is intending to show that knowledge or ignorance is bliss through he contrasting passages of Frankenstein and his creation.

Friday, November 8, 2019

More than One Kind of Irony

More than One Kind of Irony More than One Kind of Irony More than One Kind of Irony By Maeve Maddox Irony and its adjective ironic have joined the class of carelessly used words–like literally and awesome–that drive many language lovers wild. As early as 1926 H.W. Fowler decried the use of irony and ironic to refer to happenings that are merely coincidental or odd. For example, if I run into you in Walmart and an hour later bump into you at OfficeMax, that’s not ironic; it’s a coincidence. If I’m driving to school with barely enough time to make it to class on time and get stuck at a train crossing, that’s annoying or frustrating, but it’s not ironic. Fowler describes three kinds of irony: Socratic irony, dramatic irony, and the irony of Fate. Socratic irony takes its name from the philosopher Socrates who would pretend to be ignorant, so as to encourage his students to argue their beliefs. The television detective Columbo is a master at this kind of irony. Just as Socrates used apparently innocent questions to show up his students’ shaky arguments, Columbo uses feigned humility and ignorance to lure his suspects into talking too much and revealing their guilt. Dramatic irony is the irony of classical Greek drama, written for an audience that knew the details of the drama being presented. This kind of irony produces goose bumps in the audience or reader. When Oedipus swears he’ll bring his father’s murderer to justice, the audience knows that Oedipus is his father’s murderer. When Oedipus innocently marries Jocasta, the audience knows that she’s his mother. Strong stuff, dramatic irony. Novelists set it up by letting the reader know what the characters do not. Irony of Fate occurs when misfortune is the result of Fate, Chance, or God. In Fowler’s words, â€Å"Nature persuades most of us that the course of events is within wide limits foreseeable, that things will follow their usual course† If you watched the video clips of the floods that ravaged England in early 2014, you may have seen the pictures of the fabulous, recently completed mansion, its four-acre grounds ringed by a protective moat; despite the owner’s efforts, the waters triumphed. This is an example of the irony of Fate or Chance, also called cosmic irony. Reedsy defines it from the point of view of writers: Irony is a storytelling tool used to create contrast between how things seem and how they really are beneath the surface. The term â€Å"ironic† comes from the Latin word ironia, which means â€Å"feigned ignorance.† Two other types of irony not mentioned by Fowler are â€Å"verbal irony† and â€Å"situational irony.† Verbal irony occurs when a person says one thing, but means another, for example, saying â€Å"Lucky me!† when you slip on the ice and break your arm. Situational irony is similar to cosmic irony. You go into a situation expecting one outcome, but experience the opposite result. The O. Henry story â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† is built on situational irony: the wife sells her hair to buy her husband a watch fob; the husband sells his watch to buy his wife a decorative comb. The irony is that neither spouse can use the thoughtful gift. Irony has more than one meaning, but â€Å"coincidental† and â€Å"odd† are not among them. Related article: What Is Irony? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeoplePeace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindSupervise vs. Monitor

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Analytic Response to Amy Tans short story entitled Two Kinds

Analytic Response to Amy Tans short story entitled Two Kinds â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan is a short story about a mother and her daughter who have different views on various issues in life. The story is about a young girl’s (named Jing-mei) refusal to her mother’s persistent urge to make her experience the American dream, which is the hope of most immigrants.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Analytic Response to Amy Tans short story entitled Two Kinds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The mother in the story held the opinion that her daughter was intelligent and thus attempted all means to ensure that the daughter became a music prodigy; however, the daughter turned her efforts down through taking advantage of her deaf music teacher and failed to do enough practice to perfect her skills in music. A literary analysis of the short story reveals that is an excellent work of literature. The story, which is in the genre of conformity and rebellion, is the last of Tan’s loose collection of interrelated stories in his first successful novel The Joy Luck Club. As hinted above, the story illustrates a conflict between two well-articulated positions wherein a rebel, on principle, meets head-on and fights against an established authority. The main theme of the story is about the complicated relationships that exist between mothers and daughters in the contemporary society. Specifically, the author intended to depict the complexities that exist between the Chinese mothers who hold to traditional principles and their American-born daughters who are in a dilemma either to fulfill the dictates of their Chinese tradition or to pursue the supposedly ‘good life’ in the United States. To depict successfully the issue of supremacy and authority on the mother’s side and conformity and toughness on Jing-mei’s part, the author used the tone of rebellion and dissatisfaction.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The diverse life experiences, diverse approaches towards life, and diverse expectations in the story resulted in the tension between the mother and the daughter in the story; nonetheless, after the mother’s demise, the tone of the story changed to belated insight and remorse when the daughter realized the meaning of her mother’s assertion of â€Å"two kinds of daughters† in her. In the story, the author constructed the mother daughter dynamic with the story’s protagonist, the young girl, having a round character. The protagonist in the story appears to be a complicated character as she has both inner and outside clashed all through the entire story. On the other hand, the mother seems to be a bit controlling since she is the mother, an established center of authority, particularly in matriarchal Chinese society. The author used variou s techniques to depict the setting of the story. The phrase, â€Å"The TV was old and the sound kept shouting out† (Tan, para.12) depicts the economic status of the family. The majority of both temporal and social conditions are illustrated by means of the narration and description for the series of the events in the story such as the mother having come to the United States in 1949 and the use of reference of the names Shirley Temple and The Ed Sullivan Show. Lastly, to increase the attention of the audience on the progress of the story, Tan used the narrator’s point of view. As the story’s main character, Jing Mei is also an omniscient narrator and she gives an account that is totally from her point of view. Even though she does not know what her mother thinks, she gives a compelling portrayal of the dealings of her mother.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Analytic Response to Amy Tans short story entitled Two Kinds specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tan, Amy. â€Å"Two Kinds.† Angelfire.com. Angel Fire, n.d. Web. angelfire.lycos.com/

Monday, November 4, 2019

Did DB Cooper Get Away With It Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Did DB Cooper Get Away With It - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that on the day before Thanksgiving 1971, one of the most famous airplane hijackings in US history took place in the skies over the Pacific Northwest. In the over forty years since, the â€Å"DB Cooper† case has continued to rivet the nation’s, if not the world’s, attention. Since no corpse was ever found, the question remains. Wednesday, November 24, 1971, a man calling himself Dan Cooper bought an airline ticket from Portland, Oregon, to Seattle, Washington and soon boarded Northwest Orient Flight 305. The man was generally described by witnesses as a normal looking fellow, possibly early forties, and wearing a black raincoat over a dark business suit. The aircraft was a Boeing 727 and the flight was a normally uneventful half-hour trip. According to retired FBI agent Ralph Himmelsbach, the lead investigator on the case, in his book Norjak: The Investigation of D.B. Cooper, shortly after takeoff, just before 3:00 PM, Cooper passed a note to the flight attendant, stating he had a bomb and the plane was being hijacked. Although frightened, she asked to see his bomb and he showed her his briefcase which was full of some odd red cylinders with a cylindrical battery that she assumed might have been sticks of dynamite. The stewardess then told their conversation and showed the note to the cabin crew, who dutifully relayed the information to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) officials in Seattle.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Political Economy and the Role of Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Economy and the Role of Women - Essay Example Women’s role in political economy is determined by how they participate in the making of public policies and their execution. The correlation with the public and the nation establish their ability to influence the economy. Resources distributions among women, as well as, the criteria for distribution of property and wealth are key factors that play into their functioning in the political economy. This literature review seeks to highlight the research available with regard to global political economy and the role of women in it. This includes their input in the employment sector, public agencies, and the sharing out of labour. The position of women with regards to the global economic disaster has also been drawn attention to. Women in the labor force Turshen (2010) in her book states the economic activities of women as being majorly self-employment with the rest engaging in farming and production. Additionally, they participate in politics both formally and informally. However, there is no proper documentation of this fact given that there is limited research relative to the character of women in the political management of countries globally. In the developing nations, particularly, the role of women in leadership and political positions is minimal considering the nature of stereotyping that has been associated with the selection/election of personalities to political positions.

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Perceptions of Female Student Pilots Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perceptions of Female Student Pilots - Article Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the lack of sufficient female pilots is a very vital concern that the aviation industry must study and research. A good starting point for the lack of female pilots can be by having academic programs of flight in which future pilots are introduced to the industry of aviation. Since these programs are considered a starting place for pilots in the aviation industry, environmental surroundings must be taken into account as to the low ratio of representation of female pilots. The purpose here is to now carry out a national research of the perceptions of female student pilots in the aviation industry. If these academic flight programs have the potential to improve the enrollment of female flight students, this program then would create a ripple effect in the industry and would help increase female pilots in the aviation industry. This study can be considered as a quantitative study. The author is trying to find out why th ere is a shortage of female pilots. With the usage of study methodologies, this case is researchable, and the author feels that it offers vital information. This study’s limitations were centered on sensitization of the program. The author has provided a five-chapter layout. This review literature is fairly comprehensive. The author gives the main outlines as well as elaborating on the research and literature findings where need be. The aviation industry historically has not been a career for women. All through history, women have been turned away while male pilots have sabotaged those that succeeded. Despite these constraints, a number of brave women have broken through the barriers with personal determination and passion in their quest to fly.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Eltons interpretation of the roles of Somerset and Northumberland Essay Example for Free

Eltons interpretation of the roles of Somerset and Northumberland Essay Geoffrey Elton presented a view of Somerset as an incompetent leader, who failed to fill the political vacuum the ascension of an infant monarch had created; nonetheless, he was noble minded and had visionary aims. On the other hand, Elton saw Northumberland as ambitious and power greedy; however, he did recognise that Northumberland had introduced welcome reforms to the finances and administration, which certainly marked an improvement upon Somersets rule. In this essay, I will argue that Eltons assessment of their reforms and actions was correct, although his judgement of their characters, although true to a certain extent, has been exaggerated. Somerset demonstrated very little concern for humanitarian reform, as has been said by historians such as Elton, and his rule merely exacerbated problems at the end of Henrys reign. However, Northumberland showed more political ability in tackling the equally bad situation he faced and was not as power hungry as Elton suggested. There were significant problems at the end of Henrys reign. His foreign policy had led to a poor financial situation; wars with France and Scotland, although a matter of national pride, actually achieved very little and led to huge debts. Over 2 million had already been spent on the war with Scotland, however victory would have far outweighed these huge financial repercussions. Somerset, therefore, inherited huge financial problems with huge debts and a debased coinage; in addition, the war with Scotland continued and hostilities with France were high. However, it would be a mistake to say that the situation was at a point of no return, Somersets political inability is demonstrated in his failure to deal with the situation inherited from Henry. Indeed, his actions worsened the financial status of the Crown and served only to escalate discontent in his reign. Somersets political inability is shown in his failure to discontinue the damaging Scottish war; he didnt realise, as his successor did, that the Scottish war was unsustainable. Rather, Somersets decision to continue the war was the worst possible start for his rule and indicative of his inability, it lead to a poor economic situation throughout his protectorate and also to his neglect of the more important issues facing his subjects. The Chantries Act (1547) that continued the dissolution of the monasteries in Henrys reign created inflation; as a result, prices, especially grain, rose rapidly fuelling discontent among the poor. Had Somerset been more politically astute, he would have ended the Scottish war and undertaken financial reform. Instead, he made little or no effort to resolve the economic problems and left Northumberland with a worse situation than he had inherited. In this respect, I agree with Elton, who said that Somerset was without any sign of administrative or political sense, 1 this was not, however, limited to his economic policy. Somerset also inherited a nation divided on religion. Henry, although he had split from papal authority, never made the full transition from Catholicism to Protestantism as Northumberland did later in the Edwardian period. Rather, the doctrinal modifications, which followed the split from Rome, resulted in a confused nation. The ten articles of 1536 had seemed to establish England as Protestant; however, the six articles 3 years later represented the return of some Catholic doctrine. As a result, there was a certain confusion and ambiguity as regards the state religion to some extent to do with the competition of the conservative and reform factions of the court, but also the fact the Henry had never been totally converted to Protestantism. Nevertheless, since he followed a monarch who had implemented perhaps the largest religious reform in the history of the church, Somerset had to deal with a situation of religious insecurity. Arguably, the effects of religious reform are harder to forecast than the effects of economic policy; therefore, it is easier to condemn Somerset as inept on the basis of his economic policies than it is on the basis of his religious reforms. Somersets religious reforms moved towards Protestantism with the introduction of a new Prayer Book and the Act of Uniformity as well as the Chantries Act, which abolished the remnants of Catholicism. However, in an attempt to appease both sides of the spectrum, a certain ambiguity still remained and Catholicism had not been categorically denied. However, the reforms were met only with discontent, for some it was too extreme and for others too moderate. The Treason Act, which ended restrictions on the discussion of religious doctrine, served only to make matters worse and led to disorder. In terms of religious reform, the outcome would have been more stable had Somerset done nothing. We have seen that religious turmoil was the result of a lack of continuity in the short Edwardian and Marian eras. This suggests that a period of stability following the fast paced religious reform of the Henrician rule would have been beneficial in Somersets protectorate. However, as we have noted, the outcome of religious reform would have been much harder to gauge at the time. While Somersets religious policy is not the sign of an expert politician, it cannot be used to condemn him to the same extent as his economic record. His religious reform, therefore, supports Eltons view that Somerset had talked much about liberty but had produced disorder. 2 His aim to appease the extremes can at least be seen as well meaning, while his actions were not those of an experienced politician; furthermore, his belief that appeasing the extremes was possible at this point is arguably naive. Somerset was poor at dealing with the growing feeling of discontent in England. Not only was he largely responsible for the growth of discontent due to his economic and religious policies, but more importantly, instead of dealing with the roots of discontent he attempted to control the disorder that resulted. The Vagrancy Act (1547) was a heavy-handed attempt to control the public, it meant that anyone out or work for 3 days would be branded with a V and sold into slavery for two years. He put out the message that dissent was not to be tolerated, though his action was strong it showed few signs of effective leadership. As his reign progressed it was clear that he showed no signs of dealing with the root of the issue, rather to avoid rebellion. A reform programme was supposedly being put together by John Hales, who later turned out not to exist. Furthermore, having blamed the problems on enclosure, reforms to remedy the problem were merely piecemeal and demonstrated indecisiveness. Somerset was inept; the paranoid measures preceding his fall such as bans on football and on the spreading of rumours simply confirm the hypothesis that Somerset had no real understanding of the political situation. In a similar vein to his belief that he could appease the religious extremes, attempting to pacify a discontented populace with piecemeal anti-enclosure measures and a fake reform programme was equally naive. Somerset fell from grace because of his own inability to rule; Eltons assessment was clearly correct: Somerset was disastrous as a leader. 3 However, Eltons view of Somerset as a humanitarian reformer with the best intentions exceeds the reasonable bounds of optimism. Most people, who have a most basic sense of human rights, would see the Vagrancy Act as simply morally corrupt. His poor management of the economy and heavy-handed measures of control hit those most in need the hardest. This demonstrates almost a total disregard for the needs of the poor; furthermore, anyone regarded as a humanitarian reformer, or at least a man with good intentions, would be incapable of passing the Vagrancy Act. It has been conceded that some good will may have lay behind his religious reform, also anti-enclosure legislation may show faint concern for the poor. However, such evidence is far outweighed by his record of controlling legislation. Somerset was not a humanitarian reformer; Elton seems to have avoided the conclusion that a rudimentary presentation of the facts would suggest. Rather, the failure of anti-enclosure legislation is evidence of Somerset appeasing the elite as well attempting to pacify the poor, an end from which he could gain a lot more politic al capital. Indeed, far from concurring with Eltons thesis on this issue, I suggest that Somerset was motivated by a desire to secure his own position of power. His continued use of proclamations as well as his neglect of the Privy Council demonstrates this theme. The Treason Act had done more than permit religious discussions; it repealed a previous act, which said that royal proclamations had the same force as acts of Parliament. Consequently, Somerset was now able to issue proclamations without the consent of his council and he frequently availed himself of this opportunity. Indeed, on average Somerset issued 13 more proclamations per year that usual. Furthermore, his attempts to hold onto power by control rather than tackling the root issues point to a man who was motivated by a need to secure his own position. Elton did recognise his neglect of the council: He alienated his fellow councillors whose feelings and ideas he persistently ignored. 4 However, Elton did not recognise the power seeking nature of Somersets character. I would agree with Heard who presented Somerset, not as a man with noble aims as Elton suggests, but as an arrogant self-seeker. 5 Therefore, It seems that Elton was correct in his judgement of Somerset as an inept leader as demonstrated in his economic and to some extent his religious policies as well as his abysmal handling of a situation of unrest, which he himself had created. However, Somerset was power seeking, not a man of noble aims; his record of legislation was clearly not motivated by a concern for the poor. Elton said: It is difficult to say who did more harm to the country they were supposed to govern. 6 It can certainly be said that Somerset exacerbated the poor situation after Henrys reign, the economic situation worsened through continuation of the wars and the Chantries Act. Religious confusion was not eased and arguably fuelled dissent and he left a country in unrest after the rebellions that led to his fall. Therefore, I agree with Eltons view that he was inept and cause harm to the country, although I disagree with Eltons view of Somersets aims. Northumberland, on the other hand, introduced welcome reforms. Elton argues as much, however I believe Elton exaggerated his assessment of Northumberland as power hungry; furthermore, Northumberlands effective reforms did not harm the country and it is unjust to tar Northumberland and Somerset with the same brush. Northumberland inherited a worse situation than Somerset and demonstrated political astuteness in his action, which dealt with the root of the problem. In addition, his dealings with the Privy Council and use of proclamation were far removed from the power hungry tactics of Somerset. Though his religious policy was arguably harsh and his attempts to alter the succession seem power seeking, Elton exaggerated this element of Northumberlands character. Arguably, Northumberlands best move was to end the Scottish and French wars. Indeed, the way in which the two leaders dealt with the wars can be seen as key in defining their rule and also how we interpret their ability. The treaty of Boulogue, although bad for England in the short-term, allowed the finances to improve and Northumberland to focus on the serious social unrest, Somersets mess that Northumberland was forced to deal with. The treaty is a clear indication of Northumberlands superior ability to Somerset; indeed, this theme is shown throughout the governance. Far from harming the country, Northumberland had shown realism and taken the first step towards recovery. Furthermore, re-evaluation of the coinage and prohibition of usury in 1552 helped to improve the economy. Northumberland, in contrast with Somerset, made some positive achievements; his economic policies helped to reverse the terrible situation left by Somerset. Moreover, his governance seems to have shown a commit ment to reform, which had a current and lasting positive effect. The reformation of the revenue courts was indicative of this commitment to reform. In 1549, five ministries were responsible for collecting money and the situation was worsened by corruption in some courts. Although reform was not carried out under his rule, the recommendations of the Royal Commission were carried out in the Marian era. Therefore, the Boulogue treaty coupled with other economic policies and a clear commitment to financial reform demonstrates that Northumberland was an able politician. Northumberlands economic policies were sound and he should be praised for steering a course out of the economic disaster created by Henry and worsened by Somerset. Indeed, it is arguable that Northumberland set the foundations for stable finances through into the Marian and Elizabethan eras. Elton notes that in Marys reign financial and administrative recovery owed nothing to the queen or her policy. 7 This adds strength to the argument that Northumberland deserves particular credit for his economic policy. Certainly, Elton was unreasonable to ask which of the two did more harm to the country. In doing so Elton comes dangerously close to equating the achievements of the two; however, Northumberland could not be accused of harming the country, particularly in reference to the finances. However, on this issue, it seems that this quote should be taken with a pinch of salt, for, within the same paragraph Elton praised Northumberlands economic policies. Ignoring that rather peculiar quote, I would concur with Eltons high acclaim of Northumberlands financial reforms, which Elton says provided the basis for sound finance in the reign of Elizabeth I. 8 His religious policy resulted in a largely more favourable result than that of Somerset. Northumberlands policy was clear; the Church of England was to become Protestant. The 1552 Prayer Books changed the services to meet Protestant doctrine and all glamour was removed in favour of simplicity. Somersets mistake had been to introduce half-hearted, indecisive reform that attempted to appease as many people as possible. By contrast, Northumberland was decisive; arguably, this was a risky strategy as it may have incited catholic rebellion. However, rebellions were small and Northumberland was successful in crushing them. It is clear that his religious policy was, once again, a sign of his political ability. Northumberland had recognised that decisive action would create the stability required after the fast paced and confusing reform of his predecessors. His religious policy has been accused of being harsh; though this may be the case, it was a successful policy. Furthermore, it is arguable that had Mary not usurped the Protestant reformation, Northumberlands religious policy would have enjoyed the same long-term success as his financial policies. Northumberlands successful consolidation of the reformation supports Eltons argument that he showed skill in public affairs 9. Further support for Eltons assessment of Northumberlands role comes from his handling of the social unrest. He deserves credit for his handling of the serious law and order problem during his rule. The aftermath of the 1549 rebellions and bad economic situation following Somersets fall coupled with three bad harvests and a collapse of the cloth trade meant that Northumberland had serious social unrest and disaffection to deal with. Rather than attempting to control and crush the unrest like Somerset, Northumberland attempted to solve the root problems and therein Northumberlands greater understanding of the situation is demonstrated. Sheep tax was abolished, enclosure commissions were abandoned, an Act in 1552 protected arable farming and a new poor law meant that Northumberland had a more successful social policy. Furthermore, his success with financial recovery enhanced his efforts at calming dissent largely through reducing inflation. In this regard, though not a humanitarian reformer, Northumberland demonstrated a concern for social justice 10, which was clearly greater than that of Somerset. Again I would support the view of Elton that Northumberland showed political skill demonstrated here by his social policy, which solved the root problems rather than attempting to control the dissent. Therefore, Elton was correct in pointing out the very positive achievements of Northumberlands reign. He played an important role in halting the financial and religious problems, which were created by Henry and exacerbated by Somerset. This was not a point that Elton expressly put forward, however I think this was a significant part of Northumberlands role, which should be emphasised. I would also agree with Elton that his financial reforms were influential far past his fall although I would venture to suggest that his religious reform also had an influence in the future, though to a lesser extent, in shaping Elizabeths policy 11. There may be an argument, however, to suggest that the assessment of Northumberlands role in the preceding paragraphs has gone too far to presenting Northumberland as a political genius. It must not be forgotten that Northumberland always had the benefit of hindsight, having seen the failures of Somersets reign. His financial, religious and social policies can all be seen as informed by the failures of Somersets reign. Whether, for example, Northumberland would have followed the same decisive religious policy had he been the direct successor of Henry is an interesting question. Therefore we must conclude that Northumberland was an apt politician, though certainly not anywhere near a political genius as we must recognise that he was able to learn from Somersets reign. It is possible to argue on the exact political abilities of Northumberland and how much advantage hindsight afforded him; however, the fact remains that his achievements were positive. While I may give more credit to Northumberland in some areas of his role, I would concur with Eltons view that Northumberland was an apt politician. Moreover, his view that Northumberlands rule marked an improvement on Somersets 12 is clearly correct and is supported by other historians, such as Alan Smith: Northumberland was a much more realistic and effective ruler than the traditionally overpraised Somerset. 13 Elton was correct in his assessment of Northumberland as greedy, however he has exaggerated the claim that Northumberland was power hungry. It is clear that this desire for power was present in his character as revealed in the desperate attempt to alter the succession at the end of his rule; nevertheless, it did not dominate his governance as Somersets desire for power motivated much of his policy. It is undeniable that during his rule his power and wealth increased significantly. Initially he gave himself the Earldom of Warwick and later became the Duke of Northumberland. He proceeded to make financial gains through land; many of his followers took the liberty to do the same. Clearly, he exploited his position to satisfy his greed and many argued this was at the expense of the King. Therefore, I would not argue with Eltons view that Northumberland was greedy. His desperate attempt to alter the succession is certainly a sign of a serious desire for power. He attempted in vain to abandon the previous succession acts of Henrys reign to bypass Mary and Elizabeth and install Lady Jane Grey, through whom Northumberland could retain a high level of power. It was a failure from the outset, he was unable to secure Marys arrest and upon the death of Edward the people of England opted unsurprisingly for the rightful heir. It was a dismal end to his governance and certainly evidence of a serious desire for power. However, as evidence of his desire for power, it should be viewed in the context of his whole governance. This was an act of desperation at the end of a rule in which his policies could not be seen as indicative of a thirst for power. Many of Somersets policies were methods of control to secure his position; moreover, he had demonstrated his desire for power through continued use of proclamation and a neglect of his council. Northumberland, despite the end of his rule, displayed a far more restrained policy and attitude to government, which leads me to the conclusion that Elton has exaggerated his claims of Northumberland as power hungry. Northumberland restored the Privy Council to its proper position under his guidance and control. Although he did not limit his power to use proclamations, he was much more cautious with their use making sure they were always based on parliamentary statute; furthermore, he made sure he consulted the council. This restrained attitude to government is evidence of him limiting his power and therefore is not demonstrative of desire for power. Of course, one could argue that he had learnt from Somersets mistakes and realised that the approach he took was the best way to keep in his councils favour and thus maintain power. This argument leads to the opposite conclusion that this attitude to government demonstrates his desire for power. However, the fallacy of the latter argument is that his attitude to government led to the retention of his position, not to power. His motivation for this relationship with his council was to remain in his position; the fact remains that through these means h is power was limited and therefore it seems that it is more reasonable to accept the former argument. His policy and governance was not indicative of power hunger. Therefore, his desperate attempt to alter the succession coupled with his moderate policy and governance as discussed above lead to the conclusion that he did have a desire for power, but not to the extent that Elton suggested. It is worthy of note that the very nature of Somerset and Northumberlands rules implies a certain extent of power hunger. Their positions relied upon taking advantage of the political vacuum opened up by the infant monarch. Therefore, I would agree with Elton that Northumberland was greedy, however to say that Northumberland was exceedingly ambitious of power 14 is an exaggeration and is not supported by his record in power. Lastly, it must be noted that though Northumberland may have displayed some unpleasant character traits, this does not infringe upon the success of his reform programmes. In brief conclusion, I agree with Eltons interpretation of the roles of Somerset and Northumberland to a certain extent. I agree with Elton that Somerset was incompetent and his role did indeed harm the country exacerbating the problems he inherited from Henry. However, Eltons view of Somerset as a humanitarian reformer is an error. Largely, I concur with Eltons view of Northumberland although I would give him more credit for dealing with serious problems he faced and leaving a lasting political influence. Furthermore, he was undoubtedly greedy, yet Elton has exaggerated his desire for power. If we ignore the characters of the two rulers, Eltons general view seems to be that Somerset was damaging whereas Northumberland brought forward marked improvements. In this general sense, I would agree with Eltons thesis. 1 Elton, G.R. England under the Tudors. p. 208 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. p. 210 4 Ibid. p. 208 5 Heard, N. quoted from Webb, C. Was it the policies pursued by Henry VIII that caused the mid-Tudor crisis? http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/2809/page15.html 6 Elton, G.R. England under the Tudors. p. 210 7 Elton, G.R. England under the Tudors. p. 214 8 Ibid. p. 209 9 Ibid. p. 210 10 Smith, A.G.R. The Emergence of a Nation State. p. 71 11 Anderson, A. and Imperato, T. An Introduction to Tudor England 1485-1603. p. 154 12 Elton, G.R. England under the Tudors. p. 209 13 Smith, A.G.R. The Emergence of a Nation State. p. 73 14 Elton, G.R. England under the Tudors. p. 209