Perception Of Risk Variation Factors Health And Social Care Essay

Recent old ages in societal scientific disciplines and academic research have highlighted the apprehension of constructs such as hazard perceptual experience and hazard itself, in a batch of deepness. However the true apprehension of how hazard is perceived and how its influences behavior is non a simple phenomenon to specify. There is immense contention on how, why and what variables constitute it. Risk has been defined in legion ways by societal scientists and research workers. Before reexamining the different paradigms of hazard perceptual experience it is critical to understand the really nature of the construct of hazard itself. There exist multiple constructs of Risk. Risk is viewed as a jeopardy, as a chance as a effect and even as possible hardship or menace ( Short Jr, 1984 ) .Risk under such claims is typically assessed to be objectively quantified by hazard appraisal. On the other manus societal scientific disciplines reject such impression of nonsubjective word picture. T heir attack tends to concentrate on effects that such hazardous results have on people who undergo them. This tradition see ‘s hazard as subjective in nature ( Krimsky & A ; Golding, 1992 ; Slovic, 1992 ; Weber, 2001b ; Wynne, 1992 ) . , hence it defines hazard as something that human existences have invented to assist them understand and get by with the dangers and uncertainnesss of life. Admiting that hazard can intend different things to different persons ( Brun, 1994 ) , consequently people besides tend to differ in their earnestness of effects of hazards and how they calculate the chance of such hazards to take topographic point.This apprehension leads us to the term ‘risk perceptual experience ‘ , which has been defined as ‘ appraisal of the chance of a specified type of accident go oning and how concerned we are with the effects ‘ ( Sjoberg L. et Al, 2004, p. 8 ) . Individual values, beliefs and attitude every bit good as societal and cultural values or temperaments including symbols, political orientations and history constitute of factors which influence hazard perceptual experience ( Weinstein, 1980 ) .The aim of this paper is to understand the part of such societal, cultural and psychological factors which form perceptual experiences of hazard. This essay aims at discoursing hazard in context to a specified hazard which is vaccinum ha zard particular to polio. This peculiar pick has been made with consideration given to the fact that disease such as infantile paralysis is no more a job in the western states and the underdeveloped states provide a good illustration of civilization and societal influence for the sensed hazards. This has been backed by the lifting involvements by universe wellness organisation to wholly eliminate this from the face of Earth. Throughout this survey research grounds has been incorporated to organize a logical statement. In decision the deduction for policy shapers and other interest holders are discussed in line with the acknowledgment of the changing perceptual experience of his hazards. Polio has been known to distribute via the unwritten faecal path. The West had popularly seen summer eruptions of infantile paralysis. These resulted in widespread paralytic infantile paralysis. There are two basic types of infantile paralysis vaccinum, both of which were developed in the 1950 ‘s.The foremost was developed by Jonas Salk, which was a formalin-killed readying of normal wild type infantile paralysis virus. This virus is known to turn in monkey kidney cells and the vaccinum is given by injection. The vaccinum aims at arousing good humoral ( IgG ) unsusceptibility and forestalling transit of the virus to the nerve cells where it would otherwise do paralytic infantile paralysis. The 2nd known vaccinum was developed by Albert Sabin, which is a unrecorded attenuated vaccinum, produced through empirical observation by consecutive transition of the virus in cell civilization. It is given orally and is known as the preferable vaccinum in the developed universe such as Uni ted States, United Kingdom and others mostly because of it easiness of disposal. ( Jeffrey Kluger, 2005 ) Vaccines have been used to control morbidity and mortality from childhood infective diseases in our society ( Senier, L. , 2005 ) .It is non incorrect to state that vaccinums constitute one of the biggest success narratives within preventative medical specialty nevertheless at that place has been a turning concern sing the necessity of its uninterrupted usage ( Senier, L. , 2005 ) ( Bostrom A. , 1997 ) .Physicians and research workers attribute such concerns in instance of infantile paralysis vaccinum mostly to the diminution in mark diseases but besides attribute it towards the turning concern for safety among the multitudes ( Senier, L. , 2005 ) .Such uncertainnesss sing vaccinum hazards along with the still prevalence of such diseases in society create a demand for understanding how perceptual experiences sing infantile paralysis vaccinum hazard are developed among people. The undermentioned subdivision purposes at supplying an overview of different prospective in order to underst and how perceptual experiences are developed and influenced. Perceived badness of a disease drama an of import portion in credence of vaccinums developed to extinguish them ( Bostrom A. , 1997 ) . A comparative survey of two diseases outburst conducted in Canada illustrates that during an eruption of a fatal, meningitis the populace reverted to mass immunisation comparable to a rubeolas outburst, where a by and large less credence of immunisation prevailed based on the populace ‘s position of rubeolas as being less unsafe.While in world Measle kill a larger graduated table of kids across the Earth ( Boholm, A. , 1998 ) . Fear is a clear illustration of what we think about a hazard in footings of our intuitive feelings, a procedure which is called the heuristic consequence and it has a great influence on our perceptual experience of risks.Amoung the current infantile paralysis bing states such frights are of a bigger magnitude given their societal and cultural backgrounds. There exists a large spread of societal consciousness every bit go od as instruction in these states. Poverty, deficiency of basic lodging installations, clean H2O and air, and other ailments have helped to organize the attitudes and perceptual experience about polio vaccinum hazards ( Sjoberg L. et Al, 2004 ) .. Another component which influences the perceptual experience of hazard associated with infantile paralysis vaccinums is the degree of control over kids ‘s going infected of vaccinum preventable disease.Works of ( Meszaros et al, 1996 ) shows that none inoculators understand that their kid was less likely effected by the inauspicious affects of the inoculation. This sense of control over the inauspicious effects of acquiring vaccinated strongly determines attitude towards inoculation. Another critical thing which must be noted here is the sensed cost benefit analysis done by parents.If at that place exists a sensed benefit in a specific pick, the hazard associated with that pick will look smaller than when no such benefit is perceived ) .Hence perceptual experiences on Polio Vaccine hazard will be constructed depending on how much control an single likes to exert within his life and what cost and benefits does he associates with the infantile paralysis vaccinum. Some groups of people have viewed inoculation of a kid as a – physical invasion into a healthy bodyA , this has been supported with doctors ‘ penchants to â€Å" make no injury ‘ ( specially in instances where more than one injection is required. Such believes and attitudes have paved agencies to constructs such as Free-loading ( which is trusting on herd unsusceptibility and taking non to immunize ) . This is proved by the research at the Pennsylvania University which has shown that a batch of none inoculators use the free equitation logic ( Hershey et Al, 1994 ) .On the other utmost side there are besides people who make determinations sing vaccinums based on what every one else seems to be doing.This is regarded at â€Å" bandwagoning † and relates to human demand for conformance and even security which fulfills the human demand for love, belonging and even safety as defined by Maslow ( Maslow, A. , 1943 ) . The above factors fall into the class of ‘Cultural reason ‘ . Which recognizes a scope of influences including psychological, spiritual, religious, emotional and even intuitive footing as defined by ( Brun, 1994 ) ( Fischhoff B. et Al, 1993 ) ( Sjoberg L. et Al, 2004 ) . Poliomyelitis as it prevails within the underdeveloped states is besides widely influenced by the success narratives of the West. Fear factors linked with deficiency of inoculation are reduced by narratives which explain ‘how infantile paralysis has been eradicated from certain states ‘ and ‘how it has become a decreasing concern ‘ ( Jeffrey Kluger, 2005 ) . Fear encourages people to take positive preventative steps ; this has been clearly illustrated by the plants of ( Leventhal, 1980 ) who found that high fright showed greater purpose to halt smoke. Hence the perceptual experience of vaccinum hazard will change for people based on their ain frights and their ain apprehension of dangers associated to the disease. Surveies on hazard perceptual experiences have taken a deep expression at understanding the function of heuristics and prejudices.According to Slovic P. perceptual experience of hazard cognitive cutoffs form the basic for qualitative estimations of hazard ( Slovic P, 1987 ) . These are called heuristics, illustrations of such prejudices ‘ include compaction of hazard, over appraisal of rare causes of decease and underestimating common 1s ( Fischhoff B. et Al, 1993 ) . Biass are non restricted to the public entirely alternatively a large beginning of such prejudices stem which in this instance would be doctors every bit good as societal workers. Adept sentiment is besides an of import factor in formation perceptual experience sing polio vaccinum hazards. Experts within their ain field hold certain information purchase and cognition, which is non alienated from their ain prejudices. Experts sentiments are frequently manipulated to organize a perceptual experience of a hazard whic h is in line with authorities and other stakeholders ( Fischhoff B, Merz JF. , 1994 ) , ( Fischhoff B. et Al, 1993 ) , ( Freudenberg and Pastor, 1992 ) . A prevailing nature of infantile paralysis ‘s being in developing states can be understood better in footings of the unstable political governments in these states and the efforts of assorted powers to derive public support through over rated wellness programmes such as battle against infantile paralysis. Another factor which is interrelated to this construct is besides the trust factor which defines public perceptual experiences of hazard. The bigger the assurance people have in professional responsible for their protection or in the authorities or establishments responsible for their exposure of hazard the less fearful they would be. The less they would swear them, the higher will be the sensed hazard associated to them. While speaking about trust, it must be noted that grade of trust receiver topographic point in the commu nicating of information about vaccinum hazards and benefits is every bit important in organizing perceptual experiences about given hazards. Public input and well-being may be viewed as the aim of cardinal interest holders in preventative medical specialty nevertheless their actions are non ever aimed at accomplishing this hence a deficiency of credibleness and trust has been created ( Timothy C & A ; George T, 1995 ) . From the above treatment it can be deduced that a robust apprehension is needed to measure how cultural factors like trust and even duty reconstruct the cost benefit analysis ( Timothy C & A ; George T, 1995 ) .This demand for trust among persons corresponds with the emotional responses which serve a footing for determination devising as explained by Berkowitz ( 1969 ) . Another factor which develops the assorted perceptual experience people hold sing infantile paralysis hazard vaccinums is constructed by single political orientations sing social good versus the single rights. This relates to citizen ‘s rights to picks such as choice of preventative steps for wellness attention compared to authorities ‘s power/liberty to do determinations for the multitudes. Majority of the epidemiologist suggests that such determinations should non be left to single picks but should be authorities duty. Thus it can be concluded that Mandatory inoculation influences how vaccine hazards and benefits are received by the populace. This can be understood in the visible radiation of theory of cognitive disagreement which demonstrates that voluntary picks brings more openness and credence to negative results ( Berkowitz, 1969 ) .Certain people may even hold spiritual grounds to avoid inoculation, illustration of such can be the more Orthodox beliefs where step ining with nature is considered not spiritual. In US faith is one of the three evidences on which people are exempted from inoculation. This is done given the apprehension of the diversified US society. Hence it must be acknowledged that perceptual experiences of infantile paralysis vaccinum hazard are related to the societal, cultural and even spiritual facet of person ‘s life. To reason it can be seen that perceptual experiences sing infantile paralysis vaccinum hazard are constructed by assorted cultural and psychometric factors. Peoples from their positions and attitudes sing infantile paralysis vaccinum hazard based on factors such as badness of the disease, the trust they place in the authorities and other interest holders, their ain apprehension of cost and benefits associated with the vaccinum. Percepts are strongly driven and influenced by person ‘s ain fright, his abilibity to swear and his desire to command things. Peoples are risk averse and seek to avoid ambiguity ( Slovic and Fischcoff, 1984 ) .They are invariably measuring and doing opinions which are influenced by the society in big and their milieus. They are frequently encouraged to follow the bulk and sometimes to bask the free riders consequence. All these factors have deductions for parents and policymakers about how hazards should be managed and what hazards are acceptable in the visible radiation of how perceptual experiences vary and how they are constructed. It is critical for policy shapers and others to understand that contentions over vaccinum hazard perceptual experience have immense deductions for professionals and media in their functions as sources and besides on the being of this disease. When pass oning hazard to the receivers, it is highly critical that the changing natures of formation of hazard perceptual experience are kept into head along with public instruction and participative determination devising. Government in these states where infantile paralysis is still dominant need to cultivate feelings of trust in people for the system and integrate societal consciousness programmes, which have an emotional entreaty and are targeted towards the rural countries utilizing media every bit good as local physicians and clinics.

Child Study Report Essay

Introduction Early childhood educators play an important role in observing, recognizing, and supporting children’s development (Charlesworth, 2014). In this report, child E has been chose to be observed with different observing methods including running record, anecdotal record and learning story. Child E is a 3 years old boy. His father is a New Zealander, and his mother is from China. He is the only child in his family. Child E dose not speak Chinese but only English, this is due to the reason that both his parents speak English at home and his mother does not want him to learn Chinese. Child E was born in New Zealand and he dose not know much about Chinese cultural. He attends at the center five days per week. His mother often drops him in the morning around 10am and the father picks him up around 6pm. Moreover, child E has just been transferred from the toddler room to the pre-school room two weeks ago. Child E and I know each other in the toddler room. In my report, I will focus on physical and socio-emotional developments and link them with development theories and concepts. I will also discuss how these two domains inter-related to the children’s holistic development. Read more: Factors that influence child development essay Physical Development Physical development is an essential domain that is extremely important for children’s development. The physical development of child E can be seen in all the observations. G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell developed Maturation theory. According to the theory, maturation and growth occur together and they are interrelated. In another word, while a child is physically growing up, the nature and quality are changing as well. â€Å"Growth is what happens; maturation is how it happens† (Gordon and Browne, 2014). Furthermore, Gessell transferred his ideas of maturational process into the developmental milestones. The milestones indicate a child’s ability achievement at a certain age (Petty, 2010). The developmental milestone is a useful tool for early childhood teachers due to the reason that teachers can know what a child should achieve at specific ages. This can help teachers to plan and implement learning experiences for children. Also, the physical growth and deve lopment are closely related to children’s essential health and wellbeing  (New Zealand Tertiary College [NZTC], 2014). The physical experience supports children’s motor skills development. Using touching as an example, in observation one, child E patted the teacher and other children to get their attention. Instead of hitting or grabbing hardly, he patted gently. Child E experienced and developed the skill of controlling his motor when touching other people. Moreover, it is stressed in Te WhÄ riki (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996), although there is a pattern of learning and development, teacher should see each child as an individual and every child follows their own rate of development. Thus, the physical development is not always predictable. To further explain this, in observation one, the action of poking shows the skill of using fine and gross motor. Child E and children J both can poke with the brush well, but their ages are different. In observation three, all the children joined the activity (musical statues) are 3 or 4 years old. They have different levels of balancing skills. In addition, Freud’s psychosexual stages also indicate deferent stages’ main development. He stressed the daily events and experience help children’s physical development in every stage (Berger, 2001). Child E is learning and developing his physical skills in every day life. Besides the theories discussed above, there are also some other factors that influence children’s physical development. Genetic make-up is the internal factors, and there are external factors include nutrition, exercise, social-cultural context, family care and health care services (NZTC, 2014). Genetic factors have impacts on many areas of development. In observation two, child E asked for more food is an example of his body’s natural needs. Social-cultural factor plays a significant role in the physical development. A child’s family vale and believe will influence the child. For instance, in observation two, child E left all the vegetables and only ate the rice and meat. Teachers already talked to his mother about this, and his mother believes the child know what to eat or not. She dose not want to encourage him to eat more vegetables. Instead, she asked teachers to give child E more meat. I also found that in the morning, when child E’s mother drops him at the center, E often has a chocolate muffin or other food high in sugar and fat as his breakfast. A current New Zealand research (Theodore, Thompson, Wall, Becroft, Robinson, Clark, Pryor, Wild & Mitchell, 2006) found that an  unhealthy diet would lead problems like diabetes, obesity, asthma and heart disease in young children, which will influence them a life-long time. Also, an unhealthy and unbalanced diet would cause undernourished problem of children. It has a huge impact on children’s physical development (Berk, 2013). The physical development is closely associated with other development domains. In terms of cognitive development, while children develop their fine and gross motor skills, the brain is stimulated and developed as well (Gordon & Browne, 2014). Take observation three as an example, while child E was finding his balancing with the motor skills, he also used his brain to control his gross and fine motor. Moreover, in the activity, he also used words like ‘move’ and ‘stop’ with his physical movements. His language learning was encouraged as well. Also, physical development inter-relate in relation to children’s social and emotional development, which will be discussed later. Social and emotional development Through all the four observations, child E showed his strong social skills and he was eager to communicate with others. A child’s social and emotional development is affected by both biological nature and the environment surrounds him or her. The different genetic factors and the other external factors influence children behave differently (NZTC, 2014). Building a positive relationship with children is essential for supporting emotions in young children. Supporting children’s emotions in a caring and social context can help the early childhood children to build a secure attachment relationship (Berk, 2013). It is stated in Te WhÄ riki (MoE, 1996), children will show their confidence only when they have built up the sense of belonging and secure at an environment. In observation one, child E chose to take a chair and set right next me. He is new to the pre-school environment, so he felt a little bit of insecure. He knows me from the toddler room a long time ago, so he feels emotionally safe and comfort around me. According to John Bowlby’s young children feels more comfortable around the person they attached to (Berger, 2001). Turning to Sigmund Freud’s theory, he considered personality as a key part of every child’s development. He  believes a newborn baby is governed by the id, which is the source of desire and motives that we born with (Berger, 2001). Erik Erikson further developed and modified Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective of development. Erikson sees the surrounding society as an important factor for every child. He believes that children develop from the interaction with surrounding environment, and a child and his/her environment have influence on each other (Berk, 2013). Most importantly, he added the parent-child relationship as a new interactive aspect. As we talked above, in the physical development part, child E’s mother’s believe obvious has an impact on child E’s eating habits. In the second observation, child E left all the vegetables in the bowl. This might be due to the reason that his parent’s allow him to choose what to eat at home. Different from both Freud’s and Erikson’s view, learning theorists emphasize the role of external forces in children’s social and emotional development. Behaviourism and social learning theory are the two most well-know learning theories. Behaviourism theory focuses on children’s behaviour and it sees culture as a key element of children’s learning. Behaviourism believes that environment can stimulate and elicit children’s responses (MacNaughton, 2003). From the four observations, child E was responding to his surrounding environment a lot. He was developing through interacting with his teachers, peers and toys in the environment. In the first observation, the teacher in pre-school room set up the painting activity to provide opportunities and encourage children to explore. Child E then chose to join the activity. E saw child J’s action and copied it. This is how child E learned from his surrounding environment. Social learning theory is closely linked with Behaviourism. It is because that socialization involves learning about how to behave in a social group. In social learning theory, children are active learners. They develop an understanding of self-awareness and social roles. Modeling, imitation, observation and self-efficacy are the main concepts of this theory. Children will then find out their abilities of doing a task. When they believe that they are good at the task, it is more likely they can overcome the difficulties. Otherwise, they could give up easily (Crain, 2000). In observation 2, child E was trying to keep balance. When he found out that balancing is little bit hard and his peers said he was out, he  stopped trying and felt emotionally uncomfortable. In the contrast, observation 3 shows that he was confident at building the station. Thus, when he needs to rebuild it, he did not give up. Same as physical development, Social and emotional development is also inter-related to children’s holistic development. It is emphasized in Te WhÄ riki (MoE, 1996) that a holistic curriculum is the development of a whole child in both individual and socio-cultural aspects. All the observations show how socio-emotional development and physical development happened in child E’s daily experience together. If E is emotional unwell, his physical development could be effect. Communication is an irreplaceable part of socio-emotional development, either verbal or non-verbal. Language skills are practiced through social experience. Cognitive domain is also influenced by socio-emotional development. Children’s brain is stimulated through interacting with others (Berger, 2001). Spiritual development is also a core part of holistic development. Children build up their sense of wondering and wisdom through social communication. Conclusion To sum up, I have discussed two developmental domains through analysing four observations. Child E has achieved a big improvement in both physical and socio-emotional developments. Moreover, all the developmental areas inter-related with each other, together, create a holistic curriculum for early childhood children. Reference list Berger, K. S. (2001). The developing person through the life span (5th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Berk, L. (2013). Child development (9th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Charlesworth, R. (2014). Understanding child development. (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Crain, W. (2000). Theories of development: Concepts and applications (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Gordon, A., & Browne, K. (2014). Beginnings and beyond: Foundations in early childhood education (9th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. MacNaughton, G. (2003). Shaping early childhood: Learners, curriculum and contexts. Berkshire, UK: Open University Press. Ministry of Education. (1996). Te WhÄ riki: He whÄ riki mÄ tauranga mÃ…  ngÄ  mokopuna o Aotearoa/Early childhood curriculum. Wellington, New Zealand: Learning Media. Petty, K. (2010). Developmental milestones of young children (1st ed.). St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press. NewZealand Tertiary College,(2014).Life Span Studies 2 study guide. Auckland, New Zealand: New Zealand Tertiary College.

Luxury goods industry Porter's five forces model Essay

Luxury goods industry Porter's five forces model - Essay Example The Social Media has empowered consumers in all industries, including in the luxury goods industry; because of the feeling that they can secure the support of many other people in regard to their rights, as consumers, customers in the luxury brand industry have become more powerful to influence the industry’s strategies (Deloitte 2014) – H Since 2012 an important trend has appeared in the luxury goods industry: emphasis is given to ‘fine jewellery’ (Luxury Society 2012, par.13) and not on ‘seasonal accessories’ (Luxury Society 2012, par.13). Louis Vuitton has been the luxury brand that first supported this trend; Richemont Group, the owner of popular brands such as Cartier, had followed (Luxury Society 2012) - L Popular luxury brands have taken action against those who try to develop cheap substitutes of their products; for example, in a relevant lawsuit the courts ordered the owners of a series of websites that have developed such activity to pay an amount of $100 million to Hermes (Luxury Society 2012) - L In any case luxury products are, by their nature, related to costly materials; the high cost of these products prevents those who would like to create substitute products of low price (Luxury Society 2012) - L a) continuous turbulences in markets worldwide; downturns in the performance of markets have been proved as able to affect the buying power of the industry’s customers (Paton and Sanderson 2014); only the brands that can secure high quality, innovation and uniqueness of their products are able to secure their market position - H The rate of development of the luxury goods industry is satisfactory but unstable; the strong turbulences in the international market are considered as the key reason for this phenomenon. The industry’s high instability would discourage new entrants to enter in the luxury

E. Porters A Strategy for Health Care Reform Toward a Value-Based Essay

E. Porters A Strategy for Health Care Reform Toward a Value-Based System analysis writing - Essay Example "Indeed, the onlyway to truly contain costs in health care is to improve outcomes:in a value-based system, achieving and maintaining good healthis inherently less costly than dealing with poor health." (Porter, 2009). According to the author, moving toward universal insurance coverage as well as restructuring the care delivery system is essential for true reform and a value-based system is the most fundamental means to achieve this. Therefore, the main arguments of the article are related to the essence of a value-based system which can ensure an effective strategy for health care reforms. In the article, the author analyzes various criticalsteps to achieve universal coverage in a way that will support,rather than impede, a basic reorientation of the deliverysystem around value for patients. In the first place, it is important to change the nature of health insurance competition and the insurers should flourish only ifthey improve their subscribers' health. Secondly, it is essential to keep employers in the insurance system and create a level playing field for employers that offercoverage by penalizing employers that are free riders. Next, one needs to address the unfair burden on people who haveno access to employer-based coverage.

Why should we read the book of job today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why should we read the book of job today - Essay Example More than a masterpiece of literature, however, the Book of Job it provides an insight on the nature of God, on the relationship of God and man, and a criticism to man’s understanding of God’s laws. Most people would say that the Book of Job provides man a guideline on how to suffer (Copeland 2006; Goldberg 2010), but it is more than that. It serves to answer three of the most difficult questions on suffering: What is suffering? Why do people suffer undeservedly? What kind of lessons can be taken from suffering? ALL ABOUT THE BOOK OF JOB According to Mark Copeland (2006), the Book of Job belongs to the Books of Poetry, along with Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. Just like the others, it is written in poetic style. Its author is unknown and the date of writing has been hotly debated among scholars. â€Å"All that can be said with certainty is that the author is a loyal Hebrew who was not bound by the popular creed that assumed suffering was alway s a direct result of sin† (Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown in Copeland 2006:4). It is often referred to as the â€Å"prime example of Hebrew wisdom literature† (Waters 1997:436) because it deals with a number of issues never discussed in the previous books of the Old Testament: the concept of theodicy1 and an understanding of the just and righteous God who allows underserved suffering in the world. At the start of the Book, the reader is introduced to Job, a man of remarkable character who was blessed with a huge family and a good fortune. This was then by a controversy presented through a conversation between God and Satan (Job 1:8-11): Has thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? Then Satan answered the Lord, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought? †¦[T]hou hast blessed the work of his hand, and his substance is increased in the land. But put forth thine hand now, a nd touch all that he hath, and he will curse thee to thy face To determine the veracity of Satan’s claim, God allow Satan to test Job. Job then lost everything he had – his children, his possessions, and was even inflicted with a sickness. But still he remained faithful and said â€Å"Naked came I out of my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return thither: the Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away† (Job 1:21). After relating Job’s distress, the rest of the Book relates conversation (speeches in fact) between Job and his three friends, Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar. These three friends have incited him to repent from his sins, after all, this could be the only reason he is sufferng. Once he has repented, his friends claim, the Lord’s blessings will be restored and he will be prosperous again. Job was of course, confused. He has always been faithful to the Lord, and he even asked for forgiveness for his children’s errors, what secret sin was he being punished for? After three cycles of speeches wherein Job also expressed his confusion: â€Å"Wherefore the wicked live, become old†¦Their seed established in their sight with them†¦Their houses are safe from fear† (Job 21:7-9), a new character, Elihu, is introduced. He explains why he does not speak earlier: â€Å"Now Elihu has waited till Job has spoken, because they were elder than he† (Job 32:4). Elihu’s views about suffering was unlike the other three friends. Like Job, he knew that he lived according to God’

Human Resource Strategy in Multi-Unit Service Organisations Outline

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Please go to this link and discuss a question with philosophy ethics Essay

Please go to this link and discuss a question with philosophy ethics and knowledge - Essay Example People believe that they can find their happiness. Natural happiness is one that we get when we achieve our desires while a synthetic one that we make when we do not get that which we wanted. Modern society believes that synthetic happiness is inferior to a natural one. The analysis shows that synthetic happiness is as genuine as any other form. Satisfaction of this kind occurs when one is happy with what they currently have. Freedom is some form of natural happiness and is the enemy of synthetic happiness. Synthetic happiness helps people to accept the things they cannot change. Irreversible situations are not favorable for artificial happiness to occur. Some things are better than others, and it is good to have preferences. When we have unlimited ambition, we can work at our best. When we have ambitions that are limited, this can make us go into negative vices to get the happiness that we seek. Such a situation can even cause us to sacrifice things that are of value to us. Our worries and everyday pressures are overblown because we have the ability to control how we react to them. We have the capacity to make our

Markets and customers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Markets and customers - Essay Example promotion consists of the advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and sales efforts designed to build demands and awareness of the product or service. (Cheverton, 2004) Though these elements are independent contributing to various strategies that can be developed from each P, it can be also said that, the variables are dependent or at least there is a common factor which is dependent on all these variables which is sales volume. This paper consists of some arguments put in favour of and against the dependency of marketing mix variables. Marketing takes care of the delivery of the product to the customers taking care of their needs as well as the organisations needs. Marketing mix can be explained as the different tactics adopted by a marketer to make the product more appealing to the customers. This involves certain critical decisions. Some of the examples are decisions regarding the products that should be offered for sale, price of the product, markets where products may sell and the means of communication with the consumer for the sale of the product. (Goi, 2009) Different weightings can be given to different elements leading to a better offer that attracts the customers of various styles. Now owing to the increased importance of marketing, these 4P’s have been transformed into 7P’s which are product, positioning, people, packaging, place, promotion and price, whose vivid combinations would determine the success of the product or the service. (Hisrich, 2000) For example, marketing mix can be compared to the ingredients of a cake, and the final outcome is the sum total of all the ingredients put into it. Depending on the kind of strategy adopted the combinations of marketing mixes will also vary as the main ingredient changes in accordance with the cake that is being manufactured. The combination is decided by many factors which are the marketing objectives of business, the access to finance, changes in technology, the feedback from marketing

Copyright Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Copyright - Research Paper Example This is usually for a short period, with the aim of allowing the inventor to get reimbursement for their unique work. Inventors are individual like an author of a book, music artist, software designer, video producer, among others. Moreover, copyright is a technique of intelligent assets used to any expressed illustration of imaginative work. It is frequently shared between numerous authors, who individually hold a set of authorizations to license or practice the work. This individual is known as rights holders. These authorizations often comprise of distribution, control over derivative work, public performance, ethical sanctions such as attribution and lastly reproduction. Copyright violation or infringement has had a substantial effect on the global economy. This is the illegal use of works that are governed by a copyright statute, violating certain exclusive privileges given to the rights holder. Furthermore, for work to be considered as infringing copyright, its usage must have befallen in a state that has local copyright rules or obeys a joint tragedy or recognized global agreements. Inappropriate usage of materials outside the law is not considered as copyright infringement rather it is considered as unauthorized edition (Cockburn, 2005). The violation of copyrights frequently happens with music, film and software. Nevertheless, copyright infringement on books and other writing are normal, particularly for scholastic reasons. However, statistics concerning the impacts of copyright infringement are hard to find out. Millions of jobs and billions of dollars are lost each and every year to copyright violation. Research has tried to find out whether businesses affected by the infringement of copyrights are prone to financial loss by forecasting what quota of pirated share would have been acquired legally if it were not easily available.

The Pros and Cons of Using Encryption as a Key Technological Solution Essay

The Pros and Cons of Using Encryption as a Key Technological Solution to Corporate Security - Essay Example Moreover, the encryption can be employed to offer high level security to e-mail, network communication, data and information stored on hard drives or any portable or mobile disks, as well as other information that necessitates safety (Cook, 2000). This paper discusses some of the main areas and aspects of encryption and its main applications, organizational implications and the evolution of old and current practices. Application of Encryption Encryption is technique of translation of information and data into a clandestine code. Additionally, the technique of encryption is the most efficient method to assure data security. In this way, to interpret an encrypted file, we should have access to a password or else secret key that facilitates us to decrypt it. Unencrypted information as well as data is known as plain text; hidden or encrypted data is known as cipher text (Webopedia, 2010). An unbelievable development of the Internet has energized companies as well as customers in a simila r way through its assurance of altering the means we subsist and work. It is very simple to purchase and sell goods all through the world using a computer or laptop. However safety and security is a main distress on the Internet, particularly when we are utilizing it to transmit sensitive data and information among diverse groups of people (Tyson, 2010). In case of Encryption techniques we need to encrypt a huge number of secret information and data. For example in case of web based business or corporate data transfer we need some sort of sensitive and high value information like credit-card information, confidential communication, social security information, susceptible business details, personal details and bank-account information. In this scenario, the information security is offered on computers and over the Internet through a multiplicity of techniques. An easy and straightforward security technique is to simply put sensitive information on removable storage media similar to moveable pen drives or peripheral hard drives. However the majority well-liked types of safety the entire depend on encryption, the procedure of hiding and encoding data and information in such a manner that just the person (or computer) that has the decoding key is able to decode the message (Tyson, 2010). Evolution of Encryption In its first kind, people have been trying to hide certain data and information that they desired to keep in their own control through alternating parts of the information by means of signs, pictures as well as numbers. Earliest Babylonian merchants employed intaglio, a part of plane stone engraved into a collection of images as well as a number of writings to recognize them in trading matters. However, through this method, they are creating what these days we recognize as 'digital signature.' The people are acquainted with that a specific 'signature' having relation to this merchant, however just he had the intaglio to generate that specified signature. C ertainly, technology nowadays has developed at such fast swiftness that requires caring for information develops by decreasing the dependability of older encryption

Porfirio Diaz’s leadership tactics Essay Example for Free

Porfirio Diaz’s leadership tactics Essay †¢ Diaz was able to manipulate other politicians as well as his surrounding leaders. He created great relationships with regional leaders, reminding them that the growth of Mexico’s economy would also create economic growth for them. [1] †¢ Diaz created peace among the Catholic Church supporters, and opponents. Diaz enforced new laws, reforming church privileges. [2] †¢ In order to boost the economy, Diaz looked to foreign investment. He gave tax breaks for international investors, used foreign capital to pay for infrastructure, and always encouraged trade with other countries (i. e Britain, United States, Germany, etc.). [3] †¢ To maintain political power and approval, Diaz regularly jailed those who spoke out against him or his policies, resulting in many editors and writers being imprisoned and opposing leaders â€Å"disappearing†. [4] Porfirio Diaz’s Presidential Terms †¢ Diaz served as president first in 1876, though the public realized his love of power, and elected a new president, Gonzalez, after Diaz’s first term. After a term of Gonzalez, Diaz then reclaimed presidency, and stayed in power from 1884 to 1910, a grand total of 30 years. [5] †¢ Diaz eventually lost power in 1911, after several public uproars and criticism’s about Diaz came forth, and the Maderistas took up arms against him. Soon, a revolution at the battle of Casas Grandes, took place, defeating Porfirio Diaz. [6] Juan Manuel de Rosas accomplishments †¢ Rosas walked into a politically unstable, Argentina. To fix this, Rosas believed in a greater amount of power for the governor. Through doing so, Rosas became a tyrant like leader, similar to Diaz. [7] †¢ During his reign, Rosas increased exported beef and hides, ended the ongoing civil wars, obtained much more land, and declined foreign debts. [8] Leadership Style of Rosas †¢ Rosas was extremely oppressive, not always being sympathetic or thoughtful, often showing no mercy to those whom he though betrayed him. [9] Analysis The Caudillos Juan Manuel de Rosas and Porfirio Diaz are two extremely powerful men in Latin American history, each changing different things about their country in different ways. However, one thing is consistent when analyzing both; they were masters of political power and maintained it better than most leaders. The rise and preservation of power does not come from simple charisma or character. Each leader devised strong strategies and processes, ensuring them the necessary support to rule a country for such an amount of time. After first being elected president in 1876, then losing his position to Gonzales, Diaz then reclaimed the presidency from 1184 to 1910, meaning he remained in power for a total of 30 years. [10] Diaz did this by manipulating others around him, including other authorities as well as the public. Those who did not agree with Diaz or spoke out were punished. Many were imprisoned or found disappearing[11]. Aside from the public, Diaz also took care of threatening opposing authorities by creating great relationships with regional leaders.[12] These relations, military power, and strive for strength created the everlasting regime of Porfirio Diaz. Like Diaz, Juan Manuel de Rosas grew to be extremely powerful during his country of Argentina’s, time of need. Again, being similar with Diaz, Rosas, while powerful, was also oppressive, as many Caudillos of the time soon became. Through a letter written by a citizen to Juan Manuel de Rosas, in which the man pleads for his daughter’s safety, Rosas is unmoved by the article and executes the daughter.[13] This is a prime example of the leader ship style of Rosa. Though, it does raise the question that if he was so oppressive and powerful, why was he in office for so long? When Rosas arrived in Argentina, political chaos was obvious. In order to ensure stability, Rosas implemented many changes in the government, including giving more power to the governor, which in turn, saved Rosas job for the future, allowing him to become a tyrant like leader.[14] Both of these Caudillos illustrate human’s crave for power, and the manipulation, deception, and devilish processes that can be used to maintain this power. We can see both of these men as great leaders, as they thoroughly accomplished what they decided was best. We can also see them as great lessons, teaching us of the dangers of leadership and the risks it often involves. Conclusion The view of past and present Caudillos will consistently change with the person the view is from. However, one thing is clear. Juan Manuel de Rosas and Porfirio Diaz were two Caudillos of political excellence, maintaining a long and influential regime. This was accomplished by both, through their personal triumphs over the previous government of their nation as well as a triumph over threatening authorities around and within the nation, such as Diaz regularly jailing those who spoke out against him or his policies. Rosas and Diaz both knew what they wanted and had valid processes in accomplishing this; though the moral values of their actions are up to discussion. This situation is common throughout history, including skilled leaders such as Hitler, Stalin, and Castro. Juan Manuel de Rosas and Porfirio Diaz display patterns of the past and expectations of the future.

Economics Review Essay Example for Free

Economics Review Essay 1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of the following: 1. a family deciding whether to buy a new car 2. a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parks 3. a company president deciding whether to open a new factory 4. a professor deciding how much to prepare for class 5. a recent college graduate deciding whether to go to graduate school 2. You are trying to decide whether to take a vacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare, hotel, and forgone wages) are measured in dollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefits to the costs? 3. You were planning to spend Saturday working at your part-time job, but a friend asks you to go skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing? Now suppose you had been planning to spend the day studying at the library. What is the cost of going skiing in this case? Explain. 4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away for a year in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunity cost of spending the $100 now? 5. The company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is not quite finished. At a recent meeting, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has reduced the expected sales of your new product to $3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, should you go ahead and do so? What is the most that you should pay to complete development? 6. The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduce 6. How does the provision of Social Security affect peoples incentive to save while working? 7. How does the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings affect peoples incentive to work past age 65? 7. A 1996 bill reforming the federal governments antipoverty programs limited many welfare recipients to only two years of benefits. 8. How does this change affect the incentives for working? 9. How might this change represent a trade-off between equality and efficiency? 8. Your roommate is a better cook than you are, but you can clean more quickly than your roommate can. If your roommate did all the cooking and you did all the cleaning, would your chores take you more or less time than if you divided each task evenly? Give a similar example of how specialization and trade can make two countries both better off. 9. Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equality or a concern about efficiency. In the case of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure involve 10. regulating cable TV prices 11. providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to buy food 12. prohibiting smoking in public places 13. breaking up Standard Oil (which once owned 90 percent of all oil refineries) into several smaller companies 14. imposing higher personal income tax rates on people with higher incomes 15. instituting laws against driving while intoxicated 10. Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of equality and efficiency. 16. Everyone in society should be guaranteed the best healthcare possible. 17. When workers are laid off, they should be able to collect unemployment benefits until they find a new job. 11. In what ways is your standard of living different from that of your parents or grandparents when they were your age? Why have these changes occurred? 12. Suppose Americans decide to save more of their incomes. If banks lend this extra saving to businesses, which use the funds to build new factories, how might this lead to faster growth in productivity? W ho do you suppose benefits from the higher productivity? Is society getting a free lunch? 13. In 2010, President Barack Obama and Congress enacted a healthcare reform bill in the United States. Two goals of the bill were to provide more Americans with health insurance (via subsidies for lower-income households financed by taxes on higher-income households) and to reduce the cost of healthcare (via various reforms in how healthcare is provided). 18. How do these goals relate to equality and efficiency? 19. How might healthcare reform increase productivity in the United States? 2 0. How might healthcare reform decrease productivity in the United States? 14. During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenue to fully fund the war effort; to make up this difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expenditures is sometimes referred to as an inflation tax. Who do you think is being taxed when more money is printed? Why? 15. Imagine that you are a policymaker trying to decide whether to reduce the rate of inflation. To make an intelligent decision, what would you need to know about inflation, unemployment, and the trade-off between them? 16. A policymaker is deciding how to finance the construction of a new airport. He can either pay for it by increasing citizens taxes or by printing more money. What are some of the short-run and long-run consequences of each option? Chapter 2 1. Draw a circular-flow diagram. Identify the parts of the model that correspond to the flow of goods and services and the flow of dollars for each of the following activities. 1. Selena pays a storekeeper $1 for a quart of milk. 2. Stuart earns $4.50 per hour working at a fastfood restaurant. 3. Shanna spends $30 to get a haircut. 4. Sally earns $10,000 from her 10 percent ownership of Acme Industrial. 2. Imagine a society that produces military goods and consumer goods, which well call guns and butter. 5. Draw a production possibilities frontier for guns and butter. Using the concept of opportunity cost, explain why it most likely has a bowed-out shape. 6. Show a point that is impossible for the economy to achieve. Show a point that is feasible but inefficient. 7. Imagine that the society has two political parties, called the Hawks (who want a strong military) and the Doves (who want a smaller military). Show a point on your production possibilities frontier that the Hawks might choose and a point the Doves might choose. 8. Imagine that an aggressive neighboring country reduces the size of its military. As a result, both the Hawks and the Doves reduce their desired production of guns by the same amount. Which party would get the bigger peace dividend, measured by the increase in butter production? Explain. 3. The first principle of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face trade-offs. Use a production possibilities frontier to illustrate societys trade-off between two goods—a clean environment and the quantity of industrial output. What do you suppose determines the shape and position of the frontier? Show what happens to the frontier if engineers develop a new way of producing electricity that emits fewer pollutants. 4. An economy consists of three workers: Larry, Moe, and Curly. Each works ten hours a day and can produce two services: mowing lawns and washing cars. In an hour, Larry can either mow one lawn or wash one car; Moe can either mow one lawn or wash two cars; and Curly can either mow two lawns or wash one car. 9. Calculate how much of each service is produced under the following circumstances, which we label A, B, C, and D: * †¢ All three spend all their time mowing lawns. (A) * †¢ All three spend all their time washing cars. (B) * †¢ All three spend half their time on each activity. (C) * †¢ Larry spends half his time on each activity, while Moe only washes cars and Curly only mows lawns. (D) 10. Graph the production possibilities frontier for this economy. Using your answers to part (a), identify points A, B, C, and D on your graph. 11. Explain why the production possibilities frontier has the shape it does. 12. Are any of the allocations calculated in part (a) inefficient? Explain. 5. Classify the following topics as relating to microeconomics or macroeconomics. 13. a familys decision about how much income to save 14. the effect of government regulations on auto emissions 15. the impact of higher national saving on economic growth 16. a firms decision about how many workers to hire 17. the relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money 6. Classify each of the following statements as positive or normative. Explain. 18. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. 19. A reduction in the rate of money growth will reduce the rate of inflation. 20. The Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of money growth. 21. Society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs. 22. Lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving. 7. If you were president, would you be more interested in your economic advisers positive views or their normative views? Why?

Bio-Minicry: Next Phase of Sustainable Imitating Technology

Bio-Minicry: Next Phase of Sustainable Imitating Technology BIO-MIMICRY: THE NEXT PHASE OF MODERN SUSTAINABLE IMITATING TECHNOLOGY Abstract: Bio mimicry is a form of learning and then reproduce natures forms, processes, and ecosystems to create more sustainable designs. Bio mimicry has stepped into the Advanced technologies section when it comes to thinking out of the box strategies; which mainly relate to adapt the behaviour and environmental characteristics of nature or the living species including mammals, reptiles, flaura and fauna. This review article submits the overview of the technology of the world around us by adapting the blueprints from nature, and applying those ideas to improve the co-existed ones. The Review tries to emphasise on the various economical and ecological aspects of the current Bio mimic technology in various fields scaling down their Growth and Cons in Production, Evaluative thinking and Green Technology. Introduction: Bio-mimicry mimicking Natures designs to overcome the manmade designed challenges which can be applied to a varied range of obstacles all the way from drafting a CAD model to several systems, services and the environmental aspects of the product development. Bio-Mimicry has been along from a long time since the 1900s when the revival of the pollen grains of the plant cocklebur got stuck to his coat which empowered Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral to invent a new type of fastener which later became famous and patented as Velcro Industries. This incident embarked a new process and methodology of thinking for new discoveries and inventions. The Method to imitate the behaviour the organisms or the horticulture is mainly according to the type of imitation shelled down for a particular application which is mainly divided into: (1) Bio inspiration (2) Bio replication (3) Bio imitation. The other area of concern for todays technological ladder is to produce eco friendly and much more Green designs and products which can adhere to the current eco system regarding the concept of Form follows Function . Bio mimicry can be stated as the example of a Helicopter being as similar as a bumble bee but the mechanism of hovering are totally different, which states that only a part of the idea or concept has been adapted to make something to travel at very high grade speeds. The Lotus plant has the ability to repel the water droplets on its surface which created avenue for a new technological impact for the surface coats and paint industries enabling them to make paints which could swipe off the dirt from the surface without any external cleaning agents. Medical field has also advanced from the natures geometry in such a manner that it can now adapt the soul DNA structures of various Microorganisms to tackle the cancer agents along with widely induced drug delivery system and Organs on chips concept which is indeed revolutionary. The manufacturing scale and the designs are also mimicked from the nature: the sustainability concept along with the proficient use to the application, such as surface coat for anti corrosive metals and several solar cells also use the mimicked concept of bug eyes being anti-reflective and adapting the UV rays band spectrum at a much higher scale than the normal solar cells imparting higher efficiencies to the solar cell output. The main agenda is to invent production, operations, and methodologies that are well-adhered to a sustainable Green Living. The core idea is that nature has already solved many of the problems we are grappling with. Animals, plants, and microbes are the consummate engineers. After billions of years of research and development, failures are fossils, and what surrounds us is the secret to survival. Why bio mimicry is the new face of advancement in 21st century science? Todays world is facing the hurdles of overcoming the defects from their products and trying to maintain them for a longer run for much better output both economic and ecological aspects. The constant graph of growth for the awareness of bio mimicry embarks the start of a phase, all the way from the industrial model to an ecological one. Experts suggest that the industrial revolution period may have admired us with some of the many vital innovations, but it was on the base of ecological depletion and non sustainable production technology. The following review paper will cover all the fields that have been developing their scaled growth over the past decade gradually sparking the innovations and replicating natures system and its operations in their respective field for much better output that theyd usually get without using them. The recent developments in nanotechnology and manufacturing are helping us to manipulate and innovate products more like Nature does from the bottom up method, but there is still much of the gap to fill such as producing materials at ambient temperatures and still have desired properties, such as strength without wasting any energy. The Flowchart resembles the fact that a method or a process has been adapted now by the recent innovators and Big MNSCS regarding the fact to make or produce something new everytime in the research and development section. The industries are much more imparting importance to their RD department today because of the constant demand for better products with high grade efficiencies and higher production rates. They also have the criteria to waste minimal of the raw products used in the production which is inevitable at the present scale technology. Bio mimicry steps in there with the concept of giving out the agendas for production areas to work and emphasise about making and designing Green products which would be suitable to the environment as well as the application by adapting different concepts and ideas from nature. The Eco Friendly method is generally based on three factors Economic, Environmental and Social Aspects. The Main goal is to achieve the complete interaction and balance co relating in all these three factors.Adding to that the production and the blueprints of a company always have the environmental indicators which are Carbon Footprint, Energy Consumption, Air acidification and Water Eut rophication. Nanofabrication has a greater role to play in the field of bio mimicry because of the sole reason to scale grade and study the roots formation of a structure and mimicking it to a real scale model application. Example: Studying the gecko feet structure from the DNA scale level to understand the physics and the arrangement of the surface involved in high quality of friction imparting that theme to that of the tyres i.e. real scale model application. The Following subtopics of this review covers various applications where the symphony of nanofabrication and bio mimicry is synched to produce application of high intellectual usage for the industry as well as day to day science ; their approach, their limitations, advantages and problems that they have to tackle have been reviewed and discussed thoroughly. The Classification of Bio Mimicry Applications flowchart: Medicine:Nanofabrication technology has enabled the scientists and researchers all over the globe to widen their horizon to an extent where they can create cell structures that go beyond the current three dimensional in vitro models by giving them a new formed tissue tissue interfaces, spatiotemporal chemicals and dynamic mechanisms and behaviour of the micro organisms. In One research the living cells are structured within the microfluidic aids that have been designed to withstand and keep the tissues intact in the same manner as they are placed in the microorganisms. Adding to that also the organ to organ behaviour is observed and analysed so as to know the interaction between a kidney tissue and a liver tissue with their co relation to the brain cells. This study requires pathophsyciology which can be helped to understand how Organs on chip can behave when they are tested in field. PDMS a microdevice containing poly-dimethylsiloxane are molded inversely that mimics the complex structure of the relative tissue epithelial interface so as to know their behaviour in the body. Various body organs such as Lungs, kidney, liver, Breasts Chips have been formed and tested mainly on animals which proves to be quite costly and dreadful. Another application is to replicate the morphology of the chemotoxins from the cancer cells during their treatment to ease the process and the fight against the same known as sink cells which scavenge the chemokins. The embarkment of mimicking the mosquiotoes venom for anti malaria and other pathogen agents also have been formulated to avenge those diseases. Sustainable manufacturing: The manufacturing industry has started adapting the systematic approach for the biomimicry method in their various processes in a very serious and efficient attempted manner for more eco friendly product designs. The products are designed with keeping in mind the EES ( economic, environment and social ) which often led to reflect each other ; bio mimicry helps to balance these three factors and asses different products at a very early stage.The study of morphology of various surfaces leading to the slection of materials is mimicked from that of the relavant application. Example: The surface of Tio2 is sprayed with PEEDOS:PSS for the production of Solar cells which was adopted from Plants. The Process of Photosynthesis.The main agenda for this field is to take the help of Compter Aided Engineering and the Data to give sustainable and function efficient products at a very large scale at minimal cost of production. Architecture: The basic concept of architecture came from mimicking the trees withstanding extreme climate and different microorganisms including the ant mounds ; the spiders web. We generally think of termites as destroying buildings, not helping design them. The modern buildings have an internal climate control system originally inspired by the termite mounds. The operation of buildings represents 40% of all the energy used manually so more energy efficient concepts have to be introduced. The Honey comb structure morphology has been motivated for the selection of building materials which can withstand high pressure winds and climate conditions. The tensile strength of spiders larva directs to the materials of large scale structures requiring greater tension forces. Gecko (Adhesion applications ): Geckos have the amazing gift the adhere and repel their feet and toes on the surface making them stick to the surface to and fro quickly.It is possible for them to perform such a task because of millions of nano-scale hairs present on their toes known as setae and spatulae. This creates friction between the toe and the surface area on which the toe is adhered to and as the surface area increases the frictional force on the toa and the surface also increases. We can note the presence of Vander Wals forces in between the toe and the surface, Vanderwalls Forces are fragile attractive forces usually present between nearly all chemicals and materials. The frictional force requires the application of pressure for adhesion and load removal for the to and fro movement ; The Nanotechnology steps into the operation where various topographical and morphological scaling techniques are graded and used to itch down the patterns down to the nanoscale and make them im plement on the industrial scale products. The ability that the gecko adapts to create such high amount of adhesion reasons to the hierarchical and fibrillar structure on its feet. The High surface area usage of the spatula at each step enables gecko to increase the toe-pad surface area and features to use them in a combinationWith the aid of the multitiered porous anodic alumina template and capillary force bridged nanoimprinting, we can successfully plant a gecko imprint toe pad formation of nanopillars.Improvisation has also been done to increase the adhesitivity of the application to upto 150%. As the surface area gradually decreased the adhesive forces also emulated. The pillar topography also aided the fact of the increase in hydrophobicity, which proved to be quite fruitful in the applications of dry cleaning materials and super hydrophobic applications. Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces: The basic example of a naturally hydrophobic surface is the lotus leaf, the leafs when scaled down to a Nano size ; it is observed to have the surface with repels the water particles on its surface. This tendency allows the plant to withstand the dirt and self-cleaning mechanism. When the leaf is encountered with water, it creates thee superhydrophobic angle at around 160 ° which allows the water to roll down the leaf on the way helping to coolect all the dirt patricles on its surface. This is known as the lotus effect where the surface structure is at micrometer-scale bumps as well as nanometer-scale hairlike structures with a layer of wax on the leaves. The leaf air composite structure allows the air to trap beneath the water droplets and is the main reason for high contact angle and rolling behaviour of water droplet on the leaf. With the help of nanofabrication methods a superhydrophobic and transparent biomimetic surface can be fabricated by us ing the colloidal lithography and plasma etching combination. Plasma etching techniques are also advanced enough to built tall tower like strucutres on glass sheets and adding to that coating with fluoroalkylsilane self-assembled monolayers in the aim to obtain the chemical layers with a low surface energy, the contact angle of the nanostructured surface around 150 ° and 110 ° for water and hexadecane, respectively. In addition to the super hydrophobic abilities they also retained the quality of transparency which also adds on the property and creates a massive impact in the solar cell industry. sd Solar Cells: The butterfly wing scales templating method is easy and economic design for the synthesis of hierarchically periodic microstructure titania photoanode without the need for complicated experimental conditions or equipments, such as photo lithography adopted. The quasihoneycomb structure titania replica photoanode has a perfect light absorptivity and higher surface area, which give great advantages to the light harvesting efficiency and dye sorption. This structure gives the butterfly ultrablackness wings, so it is convincing that we could obtain potential ultra-absorptivity photoanode adopting the quasi-honeycomb structure. This method also gives us a better option for photothermal, photocatalyzed, and photosensitized devices research. This fabrication method have the chances for their application on other chitin substrate template and metal oxide systems that could turn out to be in the production of optical, magnetic. or electric devices or components as building blocks for nanoelectronic, magnetic, or photonic integrated systems The butterfly wing have a greater band of reflectance for the Uv rays because of the alternative layers of Air and chitin. The honeycomb structure has the upper hand of refracting on trapping light similar to the fiberoptic cable. The relative high refractive index on the wings helps to entrap the solar rays much easily. That is, the light enters the material, but whenever it co inciceds with the rest of the surface it is mirrored back to that of the reflective part. This shows that no incident light is wasted everything is reflected back and used. Nanotechnology plays its part in managing the topography and aiding the need to study the reflections and increasing optical path length than the wings. Nanofabrication aids to the butterfly wing scales microstructure titania film photoanode and can improve the wing scales and light absorbitivity on a particular surface area of the DSC photoanode. References: Huh, D., Torisawa, Y., Hamilton, G., Kim, H. and Ingber, D. (2012). Microengineered physiological biomimicry: Organs-on-Chips. Lab on a Chip, 12(12), p.2156. Alexandridis, G., Tzetzis, D. and Kyratsis, P. (2016). Biomimicry in Product Design through Materials Selection and Computer Aided Engineering. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 161, p.012046. Nesta.org.uk. (2017). Biomimicry | Nesta. [online] Available at: http://www.nesta.org.uk/event/biomimicry Wootton-Beard, P., Xing, Y., Durai Prabhakaran, R., Robson, P., Bosch, M., Thornton, J., Ormondroyd, G., Jones, P. and Donnison, I. (2016). Review: Improving the Impact of Plant Science on Urban Planning and Design. Buildings, 6(4), p.48. Arndt, D. (2017). Natures nanotechnology, bio-mimicry, and making the superpowers of your dreams a reality. [online] Sustainable Nano. Available at: http://sustainable-nano.com/2013/12/03/natures-nanotechnology-bio-mimicry-and-making-the-superpowers-of-your-dreams-a-reality-4/ Hu, S. and Xia, Z. (2012). Rational Design and Nanofabrication of Gecko-Inspired Fibrillar Adhesives. Small, 8(16), pp.2464-2468. Aryal, M., Ko, D., Tumbleston, J., Gadisa, A., Samulski, E. and Lopez, R. (2012). Large area nanofabrication of butterfly wings three dimensional ultrastructures. Journal of Vacuum Science Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, 30(6), p.061802. Ho, A., Yeo, L., Lam, Y. and RodriÃÅ' guez, I. (2011). Fabrication and Analysis of Gecko-Inspired Hierarchical Polymer Nanosetae. ACS Nano, 5(3), pp.1897-1906. Lim, H., Jung, D., Noh, J., Choi, G. and Kim, W. (2009). Simple nanofabrication of a superhydrophobic and transparent biomimetic surface. Science Bulletin, 54(19), pp.3613-3616. Zhang, B., Park, J., Kim, K. and Yoon, H. (2012). Biologically inspired tunable hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces: a copper oxide self-assembly multitier approach. Bioinspiration Biomimetics, 7(3), p.036011. Ensikat, H., Ditsche-Kuru, P., Neinhuis, C. and Barthlott, W. (2011). Superhydrophobicity in perfection: the outstanding properties of the lotus leaf. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 2, pp.152-161. Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Fan, T., Gu, J., Ding, J., Wang, H., Guo, Q. and Ogawa, H. (2009). Novel Photoanode Structure Templated from Butterfly Wing Scales. Chemistry of Materials, 21(1), pp.33-40. Sharklet.com. (2017). Technology Overview | Sharklet Technologies, Inc.. [online] Available at: http://sharklet.com/our-technology/technology-overview/

Cyber Security Controls as a Public Good Essay -- Technology, Cyber Cr

Society today is plagued with crime that is difficult to combat, constantly changing, and has no borders; this type of crime is called cybercrime. The United States of America is attacked on a daily basis by cyber criminals both foreign and domestic. The crimes committed involve fraud, identity theft, theft of proprietary trade secrets, and even theft of national secrets. The 2009 Internet Crime Report indicates there were 336,655 received cybercrime complaints in 2009 and a total monetary loss of $559.7 million (â€Å"2009 Internet Crime Report,† 2009). Cybercrime affects everyone; therefore, individuals, corporations, and government entities are responsible for safeguarding information against these attacks. Clearly, a unified front must be established to combat this epidemic. A unification of individual citizens, corporations, and government entities must occur to prevent and deter cyber-attacks. A united front to fight cybercrime requires that a standard set of cybe r security controls be established for the public good, but who should be responsible for mandating those controls? Directing cyber security controls involves establishing laws, setting penalties for breaking laws, and creation of foreign policies regarding cybercrime with other nations. Since laws, penalties, and foreign policy are required, the responsibility for mandating security controls for the public good falls on the government. Before the government is allowed to require certain cyber security controls be put in place, the following questions must be answered: †¢ Is the government justified in mandating cyber security controls? †¢ Should individuals and corporations be responsible for protecting trade and national secrets through cyber security contr... ...lling through the cracks. Conclusion Situational awareness is a term that describes the ability to identify, process, and comprehend critical elements of information in at any given time (â€Å"Situational Awareness,† 1998). Individuals, corporations, and government entities must all think deeply about their situational awareness regarding cyber security and the controls necessary to keep information and infrastructures secure. There is no single group that is responsible for the protection of information, trade secrets, intellectual property, or national secrets. The security of the nation depends on everyone’s ability to foresee, deter, and react to cyber security incidents. There is a clear need for mandated cyber security controls so that individuals, corporations, and government entities all operate with the same beginning base of cyber security controls.

The Children in Sons and Lovers and What Maisie Knew :: Lawrence Sons and Lovers Essays

The Children in Sons and Lovers and What Maisie Knew      Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters in Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence and the characters in What Maisie Knew each have a special meaning.   They all seem to be interwoven with one another portraying a new cycle in another characters life.   For instance, in What Maisie Knew Mrs. Wix was introduced, in my opinion, at a time when Maisie needed a mother figure. Also, Sir Claude is introduced when she seems to need a father figure.   On the other hand, in Sons and Lovers there are not very many new characters introduced. However, the ones that are introduced seem to want to try and break the bond that Paul and his mother have.  Ã‚   Thus, James and Lawrence seem to be using similar themes with different surroundings and events.   Although the circumstances are different, Henry James and D. H. Lawrence characterize the children as being Impoverished.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry James in his novel What Maisie Knew, portrays the main character, Maisie, as being impoverished emotionally.   The emotional poverty that Maisie experiences in her life exist because of her parents extremely vicious hatred for each other.   They use Maisie as a "vessel for bitterness" (13). To Beale and Ida, Maisie was just a tool that they used to hurt the other person.   Eventually, Maisie figured out that they were using her to be the bearer of brutily hateful messages.   Consequently, she learned not to deliver such messages.   This made her parents very angry and they decided that she had "grown incredably dull".   Thus, Maisie realized " They had wanted her not for any good they could do her, but for harm they could, with her unconscious aid, do each other." Unfortunately, Maisie's emotions were of no concern to either parent.   As a result, Maisie seldom experienced any meaningful affection from either of her parents. Furthermore, on the rare occasions when Maisie's mother embraced her it was performed without any affection, or it is so convulsive that it makes her feel as though "she had suddenly been thrust, with a smash of glass, into a jeweller's shop-front..." (112 Lawrence).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, Maisie's father subjects her to emotional neglect by reminding her that everything had " changed on her account, everything ordered to enable him to give himself up